Idea of Activity or Entelechy 39 Idea of Rationality 40 Idea of Organism 42 CHAPTER III. The Problem and its Solution. Unity of Leibniz's Thought 43 Relation of Universal and Individual 44 Descartes' Treatment of this Question 46 Spinoza's Treatment of it 48 Leibniz's Solution 50 All Unity is Spiritual 53 And Active 54 Is a Representative Individual 56 Contrast of Monad and Atom 58 Pre-established Harmony reconciles Universal and Individual 59 Meaning of this Doctrine 62 CHAPTER IV. Locke and Leibniz.--Innate Ideas. Necessity of Preliminary Account of Leibniz's Philosophy 66 Locke's Empiricism 67 Leibniz's Comments upon Locke 69 The Controversies of Leibniz 72 The Essay on the Human Understanding 73 Locke's Denial of Innate Ideas 75 Depending upon (1) His Mechanical Conception of Innate Ideas 77 Leibniz undermines this by substituting an Organic Conception 80 And upon (2) His Mechanical Conception of Consciousness 84 Leibniz refutes this by his Theory of Unconscious Intelligence 85 CHAPTER V. Sensation and Experience. Importance of Doctrine regarding Sensation 87 The Two Elements of Locke's Notion of Sensation 89 Its Relation to the Object producing it: Primary and Secondary Qualities 91 Locke criticized as to his Account (1) Of the Production of Sensation 92 (2) Of its Function in Knowledge 95 The Meaning of Physical Causation 97 Bearing of this Doctrine upon Relation of Soul and Body 98 Criticism of Locke's Dualism 98 Leibniz's Monism 101 Summary of Discussion 103 Leibniz on the Relation of Sensations to Objects occasioning them 105 Nature of Experience 106