Distinction of Empirical from Rational Knowledge 107 CHAPTER VI. The Impulses and the Will. The Doctrine of Will depends upon that of Intelligence 109 The Character of Impulse 111 Of Desire 112 Half-Pains and Pleasures 113 The Outcome of Desire 115 Nature of Moral Action 117 Of Freedom 118 (1) Freedom as Contingency 119 Limitation of this Principle 121 (2) Freedom as Spontaneity 123 This Principle is too Broad to be a Moral Principle 125 (3) True Freedom is Rational Action 125 Our Lack of Freedom is due to our Sensuous Nature 128 Innate Practical Principles 129 Moral Science is Demonstrative 130 CHAPTER VII. Matter and its Relation to Spirit. Locke's Account of Matter and Allied Ideas the Foundation of the Philosophy of Nature Characteristic of British Empiricism 132 Space and Matter wholly Distinct Ideas 134 Leibniz gives Matter a Metaphysical Basis 137 Ordinary Misunderstanding of Leibniz's Ideas of Matter 138 Matter is not composed of Monads 139 Matter is the Passive or Conditioned Side of Monads 140 Passivity equals "Confused Representations," _i. e._ Incomplete Development of Reason 144 Matter is logically Necessary from Leibniz's Principles 145 Bearing of Discussion upon Doctrine of Pre-established Harmony 146 Summary 147 CHAPTER VIII. Material Phenomena and their Reality. What is the Connection between Matter as Metaphysical and as Physical? 151 The Latter is the "Image" of the Former 151 Leibniz's Reaction from Cartesian Theory 152 His Objections are (1) Physical and (2) Logical 153 (1) Motion is Source of Physical Qualities of Bodies 155 Hence there are no Atoms 158 Secondary Qualities as well as Primary depend upon Motion 160 (2) What is the Subject to which the Quality of Extension belongs? 161