Ruel[28] of Soissons in France, Dorstenius[29], Camerarius[30] and Tabernaemontanus[31] in Germany followed with works on medical or economic botany and they described, in addition to the tree-moss, several species of reputed value in the art of healing now known as _Sticta_ (_Lobaria_) _pulmonaria_, _Lobaria laetevirens_, _Cladonia pyxidata_, _Evernia prunastri_ and _Cetraria islandica_. Meanwhile L’Obel[32], a Fleming, who spent the latter part of his life in England and is said to have had charge of a physic garden at Hackney, was appointed botanist to James I. He published at Antwerp a large series of engravings of plants, and added a species of _Ramalina_ to the growing list of recognized lichens. Dodoens[33], also a Fleming, records not only the _Usnea_ of trees, but a smaller and more slender black form which is easily identifiable as _Alectoria jubata_. He also figures _Lichen pulmonaria_ and gives the recipe for its use. The best-known botanical book published at that time, however, is the _Herball_ of John Gerard[34] of London, Master in Chirurgerie, who had a garden in Holborn. He recommends as medicinally valuable not only _Usnea_, but also _Cladonia pyxidata_, for which he coined the name “cuppe- or chalice-moss.” About the same time Schwenckfeld[35] recorded, among plants discovered by him in Silesia, lichens now familiar as _Alectoria jubata_, _Cladonia rangiferina_ and a species of _Peltigera_. Among the more important botanical writers of the seventeenth century may be cited Colonna[36] and Bauhin[37]. The former, an Italian, contributes, in his _Ecphrasis_, descriptions and figures of three additional species easily recognized as _Physcia ciliaris_, _Xanthoria parietina_ and _Ramalina calicaris_. Kaspar Bauhin, a professor in Basle, who was one of the most advanced of the older botanists, was the first to use a binomial nomenclature for some of his plants. He gives a list in his _Pinax_ of the lichens with which he was acquainted, one of them, _Cladonia fimbriata_, being a new plant.