Wainio[1069] has described the lichens collected by Almquist at Pitlekai in N.E. Siberia just on the borders of the Arctic Circle, and he gives a vivid account of the general topography. The snow lies on the ground till June and falls again in September, but many lichens succeed in growing and fruiting. It is a region of tundra and sand, strewn more or less with stones. Most of the sand is bare of all vegetation; but where mosses, etc., have gained a footing, there are also a fair number of lichens: _Lecanora tartarea_, _Psoroma hypnorum_, with _Lecideae_, _Parmeliae_, _Cladoniae_, _Stereocaulon alpinum_, _Solorina crocea_, _Sphaerophorus globosus_, _Alectoria nigricans_ and _Gyrophora proboscidea_. Some granite rocks in that neighbourhood rise to a height of 200 ft., and though bare of vegetation on the north side, yet, in sheltered nooks, several species are to be found. Stunted bushes of willow grow here and there, and on these occur always the same species: _Placodium ferrugineum_, _Rinodina archaea_, _Buellia myriocarpa_ and _Arthopyrenia punctiformis_. Some species such as _Sphaerophorus globosus_, _Dactylina arctica_ (a purely Arctic genus and species) and _Thamnolia vermicularis_ are so abundant that they bulk as largely as other better represented genera such as _Cladoniae_, _Lecanorae_ or _Lecideae_. On the soil, _Lecanorae_ cover the largest areas. Wainio determined a large number of lichens with many new species, but the region is colder than that of Lappland, and trees with tree-lichens are absent, with the exception of those given above. In Arctic Siberia, Elenkin[1070] discovered a new lichen _Placodium subfruticulosum_ which scarcely differs from Darbishire’s[1071] Antarctic species _Pl. fruticulosum_ (or _P. regale_); both are distinguished by the fruticose growth of the thallus, for which reason Hue[1072] placed them in a new genus, _Polycauliona_.