*Floating Drops on Hot Surfaces.*—If a liquid be allowed to fall in small quantity on to a very hot solid, it does not spread out over the surface, but forms into drops which run about and gradually evaporate. By careful procedure, we may form a very large, flattened drop on a hot surface, and on investigation we shall notice some remarkable facts. I take a plate of aluminium, with a dimple in the centre, and make it very hot by means of a burner. You see the upper surface of this plate projected on the screen. I now allow water to fall on the plate drop by drop, and you hear a hissing noise produced when each drop strikes the plate. The separate drops gather together in the depression at the centre of the plate, forming a very large flattened globule. You might have expected the water to boil vigorously, but no signs of ebullition are visible; and what is more remarkable, the temperature of the drop, in spite of its surroundings, is actually less than the ordinary boiling point. Notice now how the drop has commenced to rotate, and has been set into vibration, causing the edges to become scalloped (Fig. 34). The drop, although not actually boiling, is giving off vapour rapidly, and therefore gradually diminishes in size. And now I want to prove that the drop is not really touching the plate, but floating above it. To do this I make an electric circuit containing a cell and galvanometer, and connect one terminal to the plate and place the other in the drop. No movement is shown on the galvanometer, as would be the case if the drop touched the plate and thus completed the electric circuit. And at close range we can actually see a gap between the drop and the plate, so that the evidence is conclusive. If now I remove the flame—leaving the electric circuit intact—and allow the plate to cool, we notice after a time that the globule flattens out suddenly and touches the plate, as shown by the deflection of the galvanometer; and simultaneously a large cloud of steam arises, due to the rapid boiling which occurs immediately contact is made. What we have seen in the case of water is shown by most liquids when presented to a surface possessing a temperature much higher than the boiling point of the liquid. A liquid held up in this manner above a hot surface is said to be in the _spheroidal state_, to distinguish it from the flat state usually assumed by spreading when contact occurs between the liquid and the surface. It is doubtful whether any satisfactory explanation of the spheroidal state has ever been given. Evidently, the layer of vapour between the plate and the drop must exert a considerable upward pressure in order to sustain the drop, but the exact origin of this pressure is difficult to trace. LECTURE III