Produced by Susan Skinner and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net LOGIC DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE First Edition, June 1898. (Grant Richards.) Second Edition, November 1901. (Grant Richards.) Third Edition, January 1906. (A. Moring Ltd.) Reprinted, January 1908. (A. Moring Ltd.) Reprinted, May 1909. (A. Moring Ltd.) Reprinted, July 1910. (A. Moring Ltd.) Reprinted, September 1911. (A. Moring Ltd.) Reprinted, November 1912. (A. Moring Ltd.) Reprinted, April 1913. (A. Moring Ltd.) Reprinted, May 1920. (Simpkin.) LOGIC DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE BY CARVETH READ, M.A. AUTHOR OF "THE METAPHYSICS OF NATURE" "NATURAL AND SOCIAL MORALS" ETC. FOURTH EDITION ENLARGED, AND PARTLY REWRITTEN SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO. LTD., 4 STATIONERS' HALL COURT. LONDON, E.C.4 PREFACE In this edition of my _Logic_, the text has been revised throughout, several passages have been rewritten, and some sections added. The chief alterations and additions occur in cc. i., v., ix., xiii., xvi., xvii., xx. The work may be considered, on the whole, as attached to the school of Mill; to whose _System of Logic_, and to Bain's _Logic_, it is deeply indebted. Amongst the works of living writers, the _Empirical Logic_ of Dr. Venn and the _Formal Logic_ of Dr. Keynes have given me most assistance. To some others acknowledgments have been made as occasion arose. For the further study of contemporary opinion, accessible in English, one may turn to such works as Mr. Bradley's _Principles of Logic_, Dr. Bosanquet's _Logic; or the Morphology of Knowledge_, Prof. Hobhouse's _Theory of Knowledge_, Jevon's _Principles of Science_, and Sigwart's _Logic_. Ueberweg's _Logic, and History of Logical Doctrine_ is invaluable for the history of our subject. The attitude toward Logic of the Pragmatists or Humanists may best be studied in Dr. Schiller's _Formal Logic_, and in Mr. Alfred Sidgwick's _Process of Argument_ and recent _Elementary Logic_. The second part of this last work, on the "Risks of Reasoning," gives an admirably succinct account of their position. I agree with the Humanists that, in all argument, the important thing to attend to is the meaning, and that the most serious difficulties of reasoning occur in dealing with the matter reasoned about; but I find that a pure science of relation has a necessary place in the system of knowledge, and that the formulæ known as laws of contradiction, syllogism and causation are useful guides in the framing and testing of arguments and experiments concerning matters of fact. Incisive criticism of traditionary doctrines, with some remarkable reconstructions, may be read in Dr. Mercier's _New Logic_.