Londinium, Architecture and the CraftsLethaby, W. R. (William Richard)
History
Londinium, Architecture and the Crafts
Lethaby, W. R. (William Richard)
England -- Antiquities, Roman; London (England) -- Antiquities, Roman; Romans -- England -- London
Several larger memorial slabs have been found in London which had big
reliefs of soldiers. One at the Guildhall and another at Oxford will be
described under sculpture. There are two fragments in the British Museum
which may stand for the type and be discussed here. One is a head a
little less than life-size, part of a standing figure in a round-topped
recess. Above is an inscription naming Celsus a _speculator_; it was
found at Blackfriars in 1876 (_The Builder_). This much-injured fragment
appears very rude, but the others of this class were competent works of
sculpture. The second is only a head now in the upper gallery at the
Museum; both were probably works of the first half of the second
century. Four _known_ examples of this type must represent many—perhaps
dozens which once existed.
[Illustration:
FIG. 45.
]
At the Guildhall is a fragment of sepulchral sculpture, which may have
been part of a larger monument rather than of a stele, but I will speak
of it here. Just enough remains to allow of the restoration of the
scheme. A winged Cupid at the end of a panel which doubtless bore an
inscription, would have been one of a pair. The Cupid holds an ivy-leaf,
symbol of the grave, and above is a festoon with a bird perched on it
(Fig. 46). Two or three grave slabs at Chester with reliefs of
sepulchral banquets have similar festoons and birds which must have had
symbolic reference to an after-life.
[Illustration:
FIG. 46.
]
A much-battered fragment of relief sculpture at the Guildhall may, I
think, be a remnant of a sepulchral banquet; it shows the upper part of
a man in a recess with the point of what looks like the arm of the usual
sofa-like bench behind him.
_Chests and Coffins._—In earlier Roman Britain bodies were cremated and
the ashes disposed in urns, lead boxes, and in other ways. There is in
the British Museum a truly magnificent urn of hard porphyry-like stone
which was found in Warwick Square. At the Guildhall is part of a
sarcophagus-like chest about 2 ft. by 2½ ft. (Fig. 47). Its discovery
was recorded by Price thus: “A coped stone of a marble tomb has been
discovered near to the west door of St. Helen’s Church, Bishopsgate;
associated with it was a coin of Constantine Junior, A.D. 317-340”
(_London and Middlesex Archæol. Soc. Trans._, vol. v. 413). The material
has shining particles, and seems to be white marble. In this respect it
should be compared with the gladiator relief already described, and the
fine Clapton sarcophagus mentioned below. The association with the coin
must have been accidental, for this chest cannot, I think, be later than
the second century. It would have contained an urn holding burnt bones;
compare a rude stone cist from Harpenden in the British Museum.
[Illustration:
FIG. 47.
]
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