[59] For Old Ford see _London and Middlesex Archæological Society Trans._, vol. iii. p. 206. [60] _Crawford Charters._ [61] Bentley's _Cartulary of Westminster Abbey_, p. 4. [62] See _Archæologia_, vol. xxvi., and, on the Tyburn, the _London and Middlesex Archæological Society Trans._, vol. vi. [63] _Surrey Collections_, vol. i. [64] See Faulkner's _Chelsea_. [65] Kemble, No. 872. See also Arnold's _Streatham_. [66] _Eng. Hist. Rev._ 1898. [67] See Rhys, _Celtic Britain_. The compiler of the pseudo-itinerary of R. of Cirencester writes Guethlin Street. [68] It has been argued that if the Britons had chariots they must also have had roads; and it is generally held that the Icknield and other "Ridgeways" are of British origin. Mr. Boyd Dawkins has recently shown, from objects found in a camp with which the Pilgrim Way from Canterbury is associated, that this ridge-road is early Celtic at latest. It seems reasonable to suggest that it joined the Icknield Way, and that they formed an early road-system crossing the river at Wallingford. [69] A paved way, thought to be the Watling Street, has just been found in Edgware Road. It was 20 feet wide, 3.6 below surface, and pitched with "boulders." A fragment was also found in Oxford Street. [70] Kemble, _Codex Dip._ 591. [71] Powell and Vigfusson's _Corpus_. [72] I do not share this view as to Claudius and the bridge. Sir J. H. Ramsay even suggests that it may have been the work of Cunobeline. [73] Roach Smith, _Archæological Journal_, vol. i. p. 112. [74] Bruce, _Handbook to the Roman Wall_. [75] See Price's _Bucklersbury_. [76] _Making of England_, pp. 21, 105. [77] Hermann, _De Mirac. S. Edmund_, p. 43; see _Eng. Hist. Rev._ vol. xii. p. 49. [78] _Home Counties Mag._ vol. i. [79] Leland. [80] Earle, _Land Charters_; and _Codex Dip._ No. 280. [81] _Cal._ p. 25. [82] _Archæologia_, lii. [83] In the A.S. dictionaries _Crepel_ stands for an underground passage: there is said to be a Cripplegate on the Wansdyke. [84] _Archæologia_, lii. [85] Loftie's _London_, and _London_ in "Historic Towns" series; maps in Green's _Short History_, and in Miss Norgate's _Angevin Kings_. [86] It seems necessary to notice these points in such excellent books, as they are repeated in Sir W. Besant's _London_, p. 19, and more recent works, as if they were settled. Mr. Loftie, in a still later book, _London City_ (1891), writes: "We know that Aldgate was opened about sixty years before FitzStephen's time. Aldersgate must have been made soon after the Conquest, and Cripplegate, with its covered way to the Barbican, cannot have been much later." In "Historic Towns" volume he says: "The foundations of the North Gate were lately found in Camomile Street. The massive masonry of the West Gate was also lately uncovered in Giltspur Street." In his _London Afternoons_ Ludgate appears as probably the latest of the gates. All this is conjecture and, as I have shown, contrary to the evidence.