1780 Jacques Alexandre César Charles, working under the patronage of Louis XVI at the Louvre, invents the Magascope or a projection microscope. This was a development of an earlier device he had for throwing on a screen images of living persons. 1790 Pierre L. Guinard, a Swiss glass worker, makes improvements in the processes of grinding and polishing optical glass. 1798 Etienne Gaspard Robertson resurrects “ghosts” of the French Revolution with his Phantasmagoria shows, featuring a magic lantern mounted on wheels and a screen of smoke. 1802 Tom Wedgwood repeats the experiments of Schultze and Scheele and announces a process of copying paintings on glass and making profiles by the action of light upon nitrate of silver. 1807 Dr. William Hyde Wollaston invents a new model of the _camera lucida_. 1814 Joseph Nicéphore Niepce begins work on photography. 1815 David Brewster, Scottish scientist, invents the Kaleidoscope, an optical device which creates colorful designs. 1820 to English and French scientists study the optical phenomena 1825 arising from the rotation of wheels. 1820 “J. M.”, anonymous English scientist, comments on wheel phenomena in the English _Quarterly Journal_, stimulating study of a basic factor in motion picture photography and projection. 1824 Peter Mark Roget, of _Thesaurus_ fame, discusses wheel phenomena and gives an explanation--an early scientific account of the “persistence of vision” with regard to moving objects. 1825 William Ritchie, rector of Tain Academy, England, develops an improved lantern for “ghost” projection using a gas light source. 1826 John Ayrton Paris’ Thaumatrope, or small disk with part of the complete scene on one side and part on the other side, becomes a scientific plaything. (Charles Babbage, English scientist and mathematician, claims an earlier invention on the same lines. The invention of the Thaumatrope has also been attributed to Sir John Herschel, Dr. William Fitton and Dr. William Hyde Wollaston.) 1827 Niepce’s Heliotypes, which were photo silhouettes obtained after as much as six or twelve hours’ exposure, are shown in London. 1827 Sir Charles Wheatstone invents the Kaleidophone, or Phonetic Kaleidoscope, to illustrate “amusing acoustical and optical phenomena.” 1828 Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau, a Belgian, makes the first motion picture machine--a device which changes a distorted drawing into a correct and natural one. 1829 Niepce and Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre, a painter and showman, form a partnership for the development of photography.