1830 Michael Faraday takes up the study of wheels and spokes and motion, and the effects of motion on the human eye. 1832 Plateau and Simon Ritter von Stampfer, Austrian, independently introduce the magic disks which show real motion. These spinning wheels with a series of designs are called the Fantascope, Phénakisticope or Stroboscope. 1834 William George Horner in England devises an improved model of the magic disks by arranging the designs on a horizontal instead of vertical wheel. This made it possible for several persons, instead of one, to see the movement at the same time. Ebenezer Strong Snell, a professor at Amherst, introduces the picture disks in the United States. 1835 William Henry Fox Talbot begins his photographic investigations. 1838 Wheatstone invents the Stereoscope which gives the illusion of depth by presenting two slightly dissimilar pictures to the two eyes. Abbé François Napoléon Marie Moigno, in France, uses magic lanterns made by François Soleil, Parisian optician and father-in-law of Jules Duboscq, to illustrate chemical reactions. 1839 Talbot in England and Daguerre in France announce practical photographic systems which make it possible to permanently record the age-old images of the “dark room” or _camera obscura_. Hippolyte Bayard experiments with paper photographic prints. 1845 Johann Müller in Germany uses the Fantascope disks to study the wave motion of light. Similar work is carried out by others. 1848 E. M. Clarke demonstrates, at the London Polytechnic Institution, a good magic lantern fitted with an oxygen-hydrogen lamp. He publishes a booklet on lantern projection--“Directions for using the philosophical apparatus in private research and public exhibition.” 1849 Brewster introduces a binocular camera for photographing stereoscopic pictures. It is copied in Paris by M. Quinet, a photographer, who calls it the Quinetoscope. 1850 Frederic and William Langenheim, of Philadelphia, patent the Hyalotype, a process for making positives on glass slides suitable for use in the magic lantern. This makes it possible to combine photography and the Plateau-Stampfer disks. Wheatstone shows in Paris an improved stereoscope which uses photos specially made for it. 1852 Photographs instead of drawings are used in the magic disks by a number of scientists and photographers, including Wheatstone, Jules Duboscq in Paris, Antoine François Jean Claudet. The imperfect photographic equipment as well as the limits of the individual disks resulted in unnatural moving pictures.