“Of such consequence in the encouragement of any industry is a steady unvarying policy.”——Arthur Young, _France_, p. 388. Footnote 443: See above, p. 151, &c. Footnote 444: See above, pp. 191–2. Footnote 445: _l. c._ p. 399. Cf. Lecky, _Eighteenth Cent._, vol. ii. pp. 222 _seq._; _Review of Newenham_, pp. 349, 350. Footnote 446: See above, p. 18. Footnote 447: 7th ed., p. 378 ft. Cf. _Polit. Econ._, 1st ed., pp. 252, 290, and 394 _seq._ Footnote 448: _Essay_, III. viii. 323 (first in 5th ed.). See later, p. 268, &c. Footnote 449: _Essay_, 7th ed., pp. 452–3; 2nd ed., pp. 575–6. Footnote 450: _Ibid._, p. 323 ft. (7th); MacCulloch, Appendix to _W. of N._, p. 467, 2. Footnote 451: _Essay on Pop._, 2nd ed., p. 576; 7th ed., p. 453 ft. Footnote 452: _Lavergne_, pp. 423–4. Footnote 453: Even in 1875 the Registrar-General’s Report showed that there were then fewer marriages in Ireland than in England, in proportion to the population, and that they came later. Cf. the _18th Report_, for Ireland (1882), pp. 18, 19. Footnote 454: _Review of Newenham_, pp. 351–4. Footnote 455: See above, Bk. I. ch. i. Footnote 456: 2nd ed., Bk. III. chs. i. to iii.; 7th ed., Bk. III. chs. i. and ii. Footnote 457: 7th ed., ch. iii. (on Owen, &c.), which replaces a reply (2nd and 3rd edd.) to Godwin’s first reply. Footnote 458: All except those on pauperism. When pauperism is reached, the thread of the essay is again taken up. Footnote 459: _Pol. Econ._, 1820, Introd. p. 11. Cf. _Tract on Value_, p. 60 ft., and above, p. 37. Footnote 460: _High Price of Bullion_, 1809. See below, p. 285. Footnote 461: Malthus, _Pol. Econ._, Introd. pp. 2, 5, 22, &c.; _Essay on Pop._, Pref. &c.; Ricardo, _Principles of Pol. Econ. and Taxn._ (1817), Pref. Footnote 462: Life of Ricardo in preface to _Works_, p. xxxi. Footnote 463: J. S. Mill, _Political Economy_, 1848 and 1849. It was not a complete breach. The new faith and the old perplex each other and the reader, in the pages of Mill. Footnote 464: _Pol. Econ._, Introd. Cf. the Discussions on the Measure of Value, _Pol. Econ._, ch. ii., and pamphlet on the subject. So Roscher, _Nationalökonomie_, § 1 and n. Footnote 465: Arist., _Ethics_, i. (3). Footnote 466: “_Definitions in Political Economy_, preceded by an inquiry into the rules which ought to guide political economists in the definition and use of their terms, with remarks on the deviations from these rules in their writings” (1827), p. 5. Footnote 467: _Pol. Econ._, Introd. p. 11. Footnote 468: _Definitions_, p. 4. Footnote 469: _Ibid._, p. 5. Footnote 470: _Definitions_, pp. 6, 7. Footnote 471: _Pol. Econ._ (1820), p. 28. “And have an exchangeable value,” was the Ricardian addition; and in the _Quarterly Rev._, Jan. 1824, p. 298, Malthus weakly allows the addition to pass. Footnote 472: _Pol. Econ._, Introd. p. 11.