[250] W. E. H. Barrett, "Notes on the Customs and Beliefs of the Wa-Giriama," etc., _Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst._ XLI. 1911, gives further details. For a full review of the religious beliefs of Bantu tribes see E. S. Hartland, Art. "Bantu and S. Africa," _Ency. of Religion and Ethics_, 1909. [251] The name still survives in _Zangue-bar_ ("Zang-land") and the adjacent island of _Zanzibar_ (an Indian corruption). _Zang_ is "black," and _bar_ is the same Arabic word, meaning dry land, that we have in _Mala-bar_ on the opposite side of the Indian Ocean. Cf. also _barran wa bahran_, "by land and by sea." [252] _Viage por Malabar y Costas de Africa_, 1512, translated by the Hon. Henry E. J. Stanley, Hakluyt Society, 1868. [253] In preference to the more popular form _Zulu-Kafir_, where _Kafir_ is merely the Arabic "Infidel" applied indiscriminately to any people rejecting Islam; hence the _Siah Posh Kafirs_ ("Black-clad Infidels") of Afghanistan; the _Kufra_ oasis in the Sahara, where _Kufra_, plural of _Kafir_, refers to the pagan Tibus of that district; and the Kafirs generally of the East African seaboard. But according to English usage _Zulu_ is applied to the northern part of the territory, mainly Zululand proper and Natal, while Kafirland or Kaffraria is restricted to the southern section between Natal and the Great Kei River. The bulk of these southern "Kafirs" belong to the Xosa connection; hence this term takes the place of _Kafir_, in the compound expression _Zulu-Xosa_. _Ama_ is explained on p. 86, and the _X_ of _Xosa_ represents an unpronounceable combination of a guttural and a lateral click, this with two other clicks (a dental and a palatal) having infected the speech of these Bantus during their long prehistoric wars with the Hottentots or Bushmen. See p. 129. [254] See p. 86 above. [255] See the admirable monograph on the Ba-Thonga, by H. A. Junod, _The Life of a South African Tribe_, 1912. [256] Robert Codrington tells us that these A-Ngoni (Aba-Ngoni) spring from a Zulu tribe which crossed the Zambesi about 1825, and established themselves south-east of L. Tanganyika, but later migrated to the uplands west of L. Nyasa, where they founded three petty states. Others went east of the Livingstone range, and are here still known as Magwangwara. But all became gradually assimilated to the surrounding populations. Intermarrying with the women of the country they preserve their speech, dress, and usages for the first generation in a slightly modified form, although the language of daily intercourse is that of the mothers. Then this class becomes the aristocracy of the whole nation, which henceforth comprises a great part of the aborigines ruled by a privileged caste of Zulu origin, "perpetuated almost entirely among themselves" ("Central Angoniland," _Geograph. Jour._ May, 1898, p. 512). See A. Werner, _The Natives of British Central Africa_, 1906.