[257] Rev. J. Macdonald, _Light in Africa_, p. 194. Among recent works on the Zulu-Xosa tribes may be mentioned Dudley Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_, 1904, _Savage Childhood_, 1905; H. A. Junod, _The Life of a South African Tribe_ (Ba-Thonga), 1912-3; G. W. Stow and G. M. Theal, _The Native Races of South Africa_, 1905. [258] From _Mwana_, lord, master, and _tapa_, to dig, both common Bantu words. [259] The point was that Portugal had made treaties with this mythical State, in virtue of which she claimed in the "scramble for Africa" all the hinterlands behind her possessions on the east and west coasts (Mozambique and Angola), in fact all South Africa between the Orange and Zambesi rivers. Further details on the "Monomotapa Question" will be found in my monograph on "The Portuguese in South Africa" in Murray's _South Africa, from Arab Domination to British Rule_, 1891, p. 11 sq. Five years later Mr G. McCall Theal also discovered, no doubt independently, the mythical character of Monomotapaland in his book on _The Portuguese in South Africa_, 1896. [260] _Proc. R. Geogr. Soc._ May, 1892, and _The Ruined Cities of Mashonaland_, 1892. [261] D. Randall-MacIver, _Mediaeval Rhodesia_, 1906. But R. N. Hall strongly combats his views, _Great Zimbabwe_, 1905, _Prehistoric Rhodesia_, 1909, and _South African Journal of Science_, May, 1912. H. H. Johnston says, "I see nothing inherently improbable in the finding of gold by proto-Arabs in the south-eastern part of Zambezia; nor in the pre-Islamic Arab origin of Zimbabwe," p. 396, "A Survey of the Ethnography of Africa," _Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst._ XLIII. 1913. [262] G. W. Stow, _The Native Races of South Africa_, 1905. [263] The British Protectorate was limited in 1905 to about 182,000 square miles. [264] Cf. A. St H. Gibbons, _Africa South to North through Marotseland_, 1904, and C. W. Mackintosh, _Coillard of the Zambesi_, 1907, with a bibliography. [265] The Ma-Kololo gave the Ba-Rotse their present name. They were originally Aaelui, but the conquerors called them Ma-Rotse, people of the plain. [266] _Ten Years North of the Orange River._ [267] Cf. G. M. Theal, _The History of South Africa_ 1908-9, and _The Beginning of South African History_, 1902. [268] _Op. cit._ p. 47. [269] G. Lagden, _The Basutos_, 1909. [270] Variously termed _Ba-Kongo_, _Bashi-Kongo_ or _Ba-Fiot_. [271] _Towards the Mountains of the Moon_, 1884, p. 128. [272] _Dictionary and Grammar of the Kongo Language_, 1887, p. xxiii. F. Starr has published a _Bibliography of the Congo Languages_, Bull. V., Dept. of Anthropology, University of Chicago, 1908.