[326] Lifu, Mare, Uvea, and Isle of Pines. These Polynesians appear to have all come originally from Tonga, first to Uvea Island (Wallis), and thence in the eighteenth century to Uvea in the Loyalties, cradle of all the New Caledonian Polynesian settlements. Cf. C. M. Woodford, "On some Little-known Polynesian Settlements in the Neighbourhood of the Solomon Islands," _Geog. Journ._ XLVIII. 1916. [327] This low index is characteristic of most Papuasians, and reaches the extreme of dolichocephaly in the extinct Kai-Colos of Fiji (65 deg.), and amongst some coast Papuans of New Guinea measured by Miklukho-Maclay. But this observer found the characters so variable in New Guinea that he was unable to use it as a racial test. In the New Hebrides, Louisiades, and Bismarck group also he found many of the natives to be broad-headed, with indices as high as 80 and 85; and even in the Solomon Islands Guppy records cephalic indices ranging from 69 to 86, but dolichocephaly predominates (_The Solomon Islands_, 1887, pp. 112, 114). Thus this feature is no more constant amongst the Oceanic than it is amongst the African Negroes. (See also M.-Maclay's paper in _Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales_, 1882, p. 171 sq.) [328] _Eth._ Ch. VIII. [329] Bernard, p. 262. [330] A. C. Haddon, _The Wanderings of Peoples_, 1911, p. 33. [331] A. C. Haddon, _The Races of Man_, 1909, p. 21. [332] _Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse einer amtlichen Forschungsreise nach dem Bismarck-Archipel im Jahre 1908_; _Untersuchungen ueber eine Melanesische Wanderstrasse, 1913_; and _Mitt. aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten, Ergaenzungsheft_, Nr 5, 1912, Nr 7, 1913. See also S. H. Ray, _Nature_, CLXXII. 1913, and _Man_, XIV. 34, 1914. [333] _Zeitschr. f. Ethnol._ XXXVII. p. 26, 1905. His later writings should also be consulted, _Anthropos_, IV. 1909, pp. 726, 998; _Ethnologie_, 1914, p. 13. [334] _The History of Melanesian Society_, 1914. [335] A. C. Haddon, _The Races of Man_, 1909, pp. 24-8, and _Handbook to the Ethnographical Collections British Museum_, 1910, pp. 119-139. [336] Besides the earlier works of H. H. Romilly, _The Western Pacific and New Guinea_, 1886, _From My Verandah in New Guinea_, 1889; J. Chalmers, _Work and Adventure in New Guinea_, 1885; O. Finsch, _Samoafahrten: Reisen in Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und Englisch Neu-Guinea_, 1888; C. M. Woodford, _A Naturalist Among the Head-hunters_, 1890; J. P. Thompson, _British New Guinea_, 1892; and R. H. Codrington, _The Melanesians_, 1891, the following more recent works may be consulted:--A. C. Haddon, _Head-hunters, Black, White, and Brown_, 1901, and _Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits_, 1901- ; R. Parkinson, _Dreissig Jahre in der Suedsee_, 1907; G. A. J. van der Sande, _Nova Guinea_, 1907; B. Thompson, _The Fijians_, 1908; G. Brown, _Melanesians and Polynesians_, 1910; F. Speiser, _Suedsee Urwald Kannibalen_, 1913. [337] _Eth._ Ch. XII.