[338] But excluding Celebes, where no trace of Papuan elements has been discovered. [339] For details see F. H. H. Guillemard, _Australasia_, Vol. II. and Reclus, Vol. XIV. [340] S. J. Hickson, _A Naturalist in North Celebes_, 1889, p. 203. [341] A. C. Haddon, "The Pygmy Question," Appendix B to A. F. R. Wollaston's _Pygmies and Papuans_, 1912, p. 304. [342] "A la Recherche des Negritos," etc., in _Tour du Monde_, New Series, Livr. 35-8. The midden was 150 ft. round, and over 12 ft. high. [343] E. H. Man, _Journ. Anthr. Inst._ Vol. XI. 1881, p. 271, and XII. 1883, p. 71. [344] _Ib._ p. 272. [345] Close to Barren is the extinct crater of _Narcondam_, i.e. _Narak-andam_ (_Narak_ = Hell), from which the _Andaman_ group may have taken its name (Sir H. Yule, _Marco Polo_). Man notes, however, that the Andamanese were not aware of the existence of Barren Island until taken past in the settlement steamer (p. 368). [346] _Folk-Lore_, 1909, p. 257. See also the criticisms of W. Schmidt, "Puluga, the Supreme Being of the Andamanese," _Man_, 2, 1910, and A. Lang, "Puluga," _Man_, 30, 1910; A. R. Brown, _The Andaman Islands_ (in the Press). [347] "The Andaman languages are one group; they have no affinities by which we might infer their connection with any other known group" (R. C. Temple, quoted by Man, _Anthrop. Jour._ 1882, p. 123). [348] R. C. Temple, quoted by Man, _Anthrop. Jour._ 1882, p. 123. [349] W. W. Skeat and C. D. Blagden, _Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula_, 1906. [350] R. Martin, _Die Inlandstaemme der Malayischen Halbinsel_, 1905. [351] N. Annandale and H. C. Robinson, "Fasciculi Malayensis," _Anthropology_, 1903. [352] W. W. Skeat and C. D. Blagden, _loc. cit._ [353] The Sakai have often been classed among Negritoes, but, although undoubtedly a mixed people, their affinities appear to be pre-Dravidian. [354] Cf. A. C. Haddon, "The Pygmy Question," Appendix B to A. F. R. Wollaston's _Pygmies and Papuans_, 1912, p. 306. [355] _In Court and Kampong_, 1897, p. 172. [356] Senoi grammar and glossary in _Jour. Straits Branch R. Asiat. Soc._ 1892, No. 24. [357] See L. Wray's paper "On the Cave Dwellers of Perak," in _Jour. Anthrop. Inst._ 1897, p. 36 sq. This observer thinks "the earliest cave dwellers were most likely the Negritoes" (p. 47), and the great age of the deposits is shown by the fact that "in some of the caves at least 12 feet of a mixture of shells, bones, and earth has been accumulated and subsequently removed again in the floors of the caves. In places two or three layers of solid stalagmite have been formed and removed, some of these layers having been five feet in thickness" (p. 45). [358] See on this point Prof. Blumentritt's paper on the Manguians of Mindoro in _Globus_, LX. No. 14.