[563] "The Aborigines of Formosa," in _China Review_, XIV. p. 198 sq., also xvi. No. 3 ("A Ramble through Southern Formosa"). The services rendered by this intelligent observer to Formosan ethnology deserve more general recognition than they have hitherto received. See also the _Report on the control of the Aborigines of Formosa_, Bureau of Aboriginal Affairs, Formosa, 1911. [564] "Sprachen der Ureinwohner Formosa's," in _Zeitschr. f. Voelkerpsychologie_, etc., v. p. 437 sq. This anthropologist found to his great surprise that the Polynesian and Maori skulls in the London College of Surgeons presented striking analogies with those collected by himself in Formosa. Here at least is a remarkable harmony between speech and physical characters. [565] De Lacouperie, _op. cit._ p. 73. [566] The natives of course know nothing of this word, and speak of their island homes as _Mattai_, a vague term applied equally to land, country, village, and even the whole world. [567] "The Nicobar Islanders," in _Journ. Anthr. Inst._ 1889, p. 354 sq. Cf. C. B. Kloss, _In the Andamans and Nicobars_, 1903. [568] E. H. Man, _Journ. Anthr. Inst._ 1894, p. 21. CHAPTER VIII THE NORTHERN MONGOLS Domain of the Mongolo-Turki Section--Early Contact with Caucasic Peoples--Primitive Man in Siberia--and Mongolia--Early Man in Korea and Japan--in Finland and East Europe--Early Man in Babylonia--The Sumerians--The Akkadians--Babylonian Chronology--Elamite Origins--Historical Records--Babylonian Religion--Social System--General Culture--The Mongols Proper--Physical Type--Ethnical and Administrative Divisions--Buddhism--The Tunguses--Cradle and Type--Mental Characters--Shamanism--The Manchus--Origins and Early Records--Type--The Dauri--Mongolo-Turki Speech--Language and Racial Characters--Mongol and Manchu Script--The Yukaghirs--A Primitive Writing System--Chukchis and Koryaks--Chukchi and Eskimo Relations--Type and Social State--Koryaks and Kamchadales--The Gilyaks--The Koreans--Ethnical Elements--Korean Origins and Records--Religion--The Korean Script--The Japanese--Origins-- Constituent Elements--The Japanese Type--Japanese and Liu-Kiu Islanders--Their Languages and Religions--Cult of the Dead-- Shintoism and Buddhism. CONSPECTUS. #Present Range.# _The Northern Hemisphere from Japan to Lapland, and from the Arctic Ocean to the Great Wall and Tibet_; _Aralo-Caspian Basin_; _Parts of Irania_; _Asia Minor_; _Parts of East Russia, Balkan Peninsula, and Lower Danube_. #Hair#, _generally the same as South Mongol, but in Mongolo-Caucasic transitional groups brown, chestnut, and even towy or light flaxen, also wavy and ringletty_; _beard mostly absent except amongst the Western Turks and some Koreans_.