[112] Such instances as George Guest's Cherokee system, and the crude attempt of a Vei (West Sudanese) Negro, if genuine, are not here in question, as both had the English alphabet to work upon. A like remark applies to the old Irish and Welsh Ogham, which are more curious than instructive, the characters, mostly mere groups of straight strokes, being obvious substitutes for the corresponding letters of the Roman alphabet, hence comparable to the cryptographic systems of Wheatstone and others. [113] Maspero, _The Dawn of Civilisation_, 1898, p. 728. [114] _Ibid._ [115] _Ibid._ p. 233. [116] See P. Giles, Art. "Alphabet," _Ency. Brit._ 1910. [117] See A. J. Booth, _The Discovery and Decipherment of the Trilingual Cuneiform Inscriptions_, 1902. [118] _L'Anthr_. XV. 1904, p. 164. [119] _Recent Discoveries bearing on the Antiquity of Man in Europe_ (Smithsonian Report for 1909), 1910, p. 566 ff. [120] _Manuel d'Archeologie prehistorique_, I. 1908. [121] "Les signes libyques des dolmens," _Bul. Soc. d'Anthrop._ 1896, p. 319. [122] _Eth._ Chap. XIII. [123] _Address_, Meeting British Assoc. Ipswich, 1895. [124] _Amer. J. of Sociology_, Jan. 1898, pp. 467-8. [125] A. Vierkandt, _Globus_, 72, p. 134. [126] _Elements d'Anthropologie Generale_, p. 207. [127] _Rassenbildung u. Erblichkeit_; _Bastian-Festschrift_, 1896, p. 1. [128] From Gk. [Greek: leios], smooth, [Greek: kuma], wave, [Greek: oulos], fleecy, and [Greek: thrix], [Greek: trichos], hair. J. Deniker (_The Races of Man_, 1900, p. 38) distinguishes four classes, the Australians, Nubians etc. being grouped as _frizzy_. He gives the corresponding terms in French and German:--straight, Fr. _droit_, _lisse_, Germ. _straff_, _schlicht_; wavy, Fr. _onde_, Germ. _wellig_; frizzy, Fr. _frise_, Germ. _lockig_; woolly, Fr. _crepu_, Germ. _kraus_. CHAPTER III THE AFRICAN NEGRO: I. SUDANESE