15 The felidæ were very numerous in Europe in Quaternary times. We may mention two species of lions, _Leo nobilis_ and _Leo spelæus_, the latter often confounded with the _delis spelæus_ of such frequent occurrence in French caves, two species of tigers, _Tigris Edwardsiana_ and _Tigris Europæa_, the largest of the Quaternary felidæ, which was some twelve feet long. We also know of seven species of leopards, six species of cats, from the Serval to a little felis smaller than our domestic cat; two species of lynx, and lastly the _machairodus_, a beast of prey of considerable size, characterized by having exceptionally long upper canines serrated like a saw. Probably these beasts of prey were not all contemporaries, but succeeded each other. (Bourguignat: “Histoire des Felidæ Fossiles en France dans les Dépôts de la Période Quaternaire,” Paris, 1879.) 16 “Testimony of the Rocks,” p. 127, Edinburgh and Boston, 1857. 17 _Ossements Fossiles Trouvés à Odessa_. The cave-hyena resembles that now living at the Cape. 18 Ducrost and Arcelin: “Stratigraphie de l’Éboulis de Solutré,” _Mat_., 1876, p. 403_. Archives die Museum d’Hist. Nat. de Lyon_, vol. 1. 19 M. de Baye found a great many similar arrow-heads in the Petit-Morin caves. 20 Nilsson: “The Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia.” 21 Captain Edward Johnson, who travelled about in New England from 1628 to 1632, relates that the children there spent their days in shooting at the fish that appeared on the surface of the water, succeeding in catching them with marvellous skill. “A History of New England,” London, 1654. 22 Reiss and Steubel: “The Necropolis of Ancon in Peru,” London and Berlin. 23 _Matériaux_, 1870, p, 348. 24 _Wiadomosei Archéologizne_, No. iv., Warsaw, 1882. 25 Ch. Rau: “Prehistoric Fishing in Europe and America.” 26 Horace: “Odes,” book i., ode iii. 27 Friedel: “Führer durch die Fischerei Abtheilung.” 28 “A Catalogue of the Antiquities in the Museum of the Royal Academy.” 29 _Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Scotland_, vol. iii. Dr. R. Munro “Ancient Scottish Lake Dwellings or Crannoges,” Edinburgh, 1882. 30 Geikie, _Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal_, vol. xv. De Lapparent “Traité de Géologie,” first edition, p. 518. 31 “Discoveries in the more Recent Deposits of the Bovey Basin,” _Trans. Devonshire Ass_., 1883. 32 “Nordische Oldsager i der kongelige Museum i Kjobenhawn.” 33 “Les Proto-Helvètes,” _Nature_, 1880, 1st week, p. 151. 34 “Mém. Soc. d’Emulation d’Abbeville,” 1867. CHAPTER III. Weapons, Tools, Pottery; Origin of the Use of Fire, Clothing, Ornaments; Early Artistic Efforts.