7. In the case of a coöperative general store do economic profits emerge? If so, where do they go? 8. If you have seen a coöperative store in operation tell what was its success. 9. Compare and explain producers' and consumers' coöperation, showing the difficulties and advantages. CHAPTER 20 ORGANIZED LABOR REFERENCES. *_Adams_ and _Sumner_, chs. VI, VII. _Barnett, G. E._, National and district systems of collective bargaining in the United States. Q. J. E., 26: 425-443. 1911-1912. _Barnett, G. E._, The dominance of the national union in American labor organization. Ibid., 27: 455-481. 1912-1913. _Carlton, F. T._, The history and problems of organized labor. 1911. _Commons_, chs. II, VI. *_Commons_ and _Andrews_, Ch. III, sec. 1. _Groat, G. G._, An introduction to the study of organized labor in America. 1916. _Hoxie, R. F._, Scientific management and labor. 1915. _Hoxie, R. F._, The truth about the I. W. W. J. P. E., 21: 785-797. 1913. _Hoxie, R. F._, Trade unionism in the United States: general character and types; the interpretation of union types. J. P. E., 22: 201-217, 464-481. 1914. _Lewis, H. T._, The economic basis of the fight for the closed shop. J. P. E., 20: 928-952. 1912. _McCabe, D. A._, The standard rate in American trade unions. 1912. _Mitchell, John_, Organized labor. 1902. *_Source Book_, 214-227 (extract from McCabe). _Webb, Sidney and Beatrice_, Industrial democracy. 1897. _Wolman, L._, The boycott in American trade unions. 1916. QUESTIONS. 1. Are the opportunities for workmen to rise to the rank of masters as great as formerly? 2. What are the chief causes of the origin and rise of trade unions? Distinguish between a trade union and a labor union. 3. What are the conditions favorable to national agreements between trade unions and employers' associations? Explain clearly the bearing of each of these conditions. 4. Describe the practices included under the term "direct action," and contrast with the methods of collective bargaining and legislation. 5. Are strikes becoming more or less frequent and important in your state? In answer to this question give figures from 1881 on if obtainable, showing number of strikes; establishments affected and to what extent; loss in wages and to employers. Diagram the figures. Ref., U. S. Bu. of Labor, Annual report, 1906. 6. Do trade unions increase or decrease the number of strikes? 7. If you were an officer of a trade-union, would you begin a strike when trade was good or when it was poor? 8. Does it make any difference in the permanence of an increase of wages brought about by a strike, whether the employer is one of the more successful or one of the less successful in that business?