_Schaeffle, A._, The quintessence of socialism. Ed., 1898. (Exposition by a non-socialist, so favorable that it is used by the socialists as a tract.) _Spahr, C. B._, Present distribution of wealth in the United States. 1896. _Spargo, John_, Socialism. 1906. (Pro.) _Walling, W. E._, Socialism as it is. 1912. (Pro.) _Walling, W. E._, and others, The socialism of to-day. 1916. (A source book.) _Watkins, G. P._, Growth of large fortunes. 1907. _Wells, H. G._, New worlds for old. 1908. (An appeal for juster distribution; Fabian school.) QUESTIONS. 1. In the last analysis is there anyone--retired capitalist or unskilled day-worker--whose title to the real income he receives is derived solely from the property he owns, or solely from the labor he performs? 2. What is it to earn a living? How many people do it? 3. If capital is needed in production why is the question of justice raised when its use is paid for? 4. What is the doctrine of economic harmonies? Give three examples (distinct in kind) in modern legislation which run counter to this doctrine, with the justification for each of these. 5. Define charity. Apply the general principles of charity to free schools, free libraries, and free clothing to school children. 6. What is economic freedom? How different from political freedom? 7. Is custom a better regulator of economic action than competition? 8. What are vested rights? Do they ever stand in the way of progress? Examples. 9. Distinguish between the socialistic and the competitive principles of distribution. 10. What classes of thinkers are most inclined to take up socialism? (Classes considered socially, industrially, as to race, as to economic and historical training.) 11. If socialism reduced the total product, would it still be desirable because of the better distribution? 12. What effect would it have if the state should make laborers work for unsuccessful employers at lower wages than for successful ones? Or should reduce rents for the less capable merchants and manufacturers? 13. Is there any rule for determining the limits of state interference? 14. If you had the power, what single public measure that you believe would be practicable and effective would you put on the statute books, in order to make a juster division of the social income? Give reasons. 15. The wealth of the United States increased from $7,000,000,000 in 1850 to $188,000,000,000 in 1912. How was this wealth distributed according to (a) the socialistic theory of value? (b) the single tax theory? (c) the theory of value under competitive conditions? 16. What are the chief ways in which the rule of competitive value has been nullified in this period. 17. Would socialism guarantee steadiness or regularity in economic activity, thus eliminating the phenomena of economic crises and depressions?