Medieval rhetoric and poetic to 1400 : $b Interpreted from representative worksBaldwin, Charles Sears
History
Medieval rhetoric and poetic to 1400 : $b Interpreted from representative works
Baldwin, Charles Sears
Literature, Medieval -- History and criticism; Poetics -- History -- To 1500; Rhetoric, Medieval
At such a point the Welsh writer’s abundance of description is not merely
pretty; it is fitting. What he thus dwells upon until we must feel it
because we can see it, is an important moment in the story. But in
general he blurs his story by spending equal elaboration on what is quite
subordinate, or even irrelevant. His incidents claim attention equally
in succession; Chrétien’s are lengthened or shortened with a sense of
their narrative values. For Chrétien, relying less on the traditional
picturesque description, has the better narrative. Using descriptive
detail less for itself, he uses it more to bring out character or give
to important moments salience. Instead of merely accumulating adventures
and telling each for what it is worth by itself, as is the habit of the
longer romances, he has selective art enough to bring out those that will
keep attention on the conquest of the proud, selfish devotion of the
husband by the nobler devotion of the wife. And at the end he impresses
the significance of the whole course of adventures, the meaning of the
story as a whole. He discerns, though he does not always achieve, the
narrative force of unified progress.
How far the art of such romances was studied in the middle age appears
again on comparison of the fourteenth-century _Ywain and Gawain_ with
its original, Chrétien’s _Chevalier au Lion_. The Englishman, without
losing anything of the plot, reduces the length one-third by compressing,
modifying, or even omitting Chrétien’s detail. And since Chrétien’s
detail is not merely added for richness, but spent to bring out character
or mood, a change here is a change in the total effect, a shifting of
interest from the persons to the events. Thus to Chrétien the central
situation is this. A widow forced to marry again, as medieval widows
were if they had property, accepts the slayer of her husband. How would
she feel? Might she not, from making a virtue of necessity, come to love
her second husband if he were young and brave? If, tiring of her riches
and ease, he would be off to his wars again, would she forgive him for
breaking his promise to return on a day? And might he not then, learning
from the loss of her to value her truly, devote himself to winning her
back by proving his better manhood? The situation is almost the reverse
of that in _Erec_. Such questions of character and feeling lead Chrétien
to dwell upon the scenes between Ywain and Alundyne, and even to comment
satirically now and then on their mental attitudes. Most of this the
English translator omits.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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