Medieval rhetoric and poetic to 1400 : $b Interpreted from representative worksBaldwin, Charles Sears
History
Medieval rhetoric and poetic to 1400 : $b Interpreted from representative works
Baldwin, Charles Sears
Literature, Medieval -- History and criticism; Poetics -- History -- To 1500; Rhetoric, Medieval
A rhetoricated poetic, though in other mouths than Geoffrey’s it has
often had a fairer sound, is always a perversion. The confusion of poetic
with rhetoric has always tended to obscure the imaginative value to
narrative of onward movement. The medieval pedagogues who reduced the
greatness of Vergil to mastery of all “three styles” of rhetoric would
doubtless have recommended embellishing the eloquences of _Aucassin et
Nicolete_ at the expense of the story, dilating the _Tombeor de Notre
Dame_, and making the _Chastelaine de Vergi_ static. Their conception of
narrative has no room for such composition as makes the Pardoner’s Tale a
fatal sequence.
Even Chaucer is too responsive to the taste of his time to abandon the
accepted means of dilation. Some of his own apostrophes differ from
Geoffrey’s to Friday[40] only in eloquence, not in method. But as early
as the House of Fame he was critically aware of the “prolixitee” inherent
in “colours of rethoryk.” The interpolated description, which he had
elaborated to make the Knight’s Tale magnificent,[41] he parodied in
_Sir Thopas_ and challenged through the Clerk and the Squire. In these
passages he reminds us that his achievement of narrative composition had
taught him to distrust rhetoric as a means of enhancing when the tale,
Pardoner’s, Squire’s, or Franklin’s, was really the thing. Further he
implies general denunciation of the staleness and ineptitude of medieval
rhetoric as poetic method.
4. The Poetic of the _Canterbury Tales_
Within the Canterbury frame narrative composition is widely various. The
early tale of the Man of Law follows the pattern of a saint’s legend;
the Clerk’s is rather iterative than progressive. In such cases Chaucer
has not recomposed; he has limited his art to style. What distinction he
could achieve even so is most conspicuous in the exquisite tale of the
Prioress. Without crisis, without even salience of moment, with no more
reshaping than the shift of focus from the horror of ancient superstition
to the beauty of childlike devotion, he wrought by adjustment of tone and
cadence a marvel of simplicity. The Merchant infuses into his _fableau_
realistic suggestions of senile sexuality; but the _fableaux_ generally,
Miller’s, Reeve’s, etc., are told in their typical form for their typical
values. Beast epic in the mouth of the Nun’s Priest, never livelier
and seldom so rich in suggestion, is little reshaped as a story. Even
the Wife of Bath tells her fairy mistress tale without originality of
composition.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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