Medieval rhetoric and poetic to 1400 : $b Interpreted from representative worksBaldwin, Charles Sears
History
Medieval rhetoric and poetic to 1400 : $b Interpreted from representative works
Baldwin, Charles Sears
Literature, Medieval -- History and criticism; Poetics -- History -- To 1500; Rhetoric, Medieval
Salvete flores martyrum,
Quos lucis ipso in limine
Christi insecutor sustulit,
Ceu turbo nascentes rosas.
Quid crimen Herodem iuvat?
Vos prima Christi victima,
Grex immolatorum tener,
Palma et coronis luditis....
_Cathemerinon_ xii. 125: AH 50: 27.
The accentual habit spread slowly and intermittently as a change of
control from one element of verse to another. Both elements continued
in the better hymns to vary and enhance what must otherwise become
monotonous or bald; but the control, the rhythm, gradually changed from
time to stress. Variety through shifting the places of stress[35] appears
in several hymns of the sixth century. The Ambrosian quoted by Bede as an
example of _rhythmus_[36] even begins with a stress;[37] and the probable
following of word-accent often gives a dactylic opening.
Réx ætérne, Dóminé,
Rérum creátor ómniúm,
Qui éras ánte sǽculá
Sémper cum pátre fíliús,
Qui múndi ín primórdió
Ádam plasmásti hóminém,
Cuí tuaé imáginís
Vúltum dedísti símilém; ...
AH 51: 5.
Similar variations appear in the “Versus Flavii ad Mandatum.”
Téllus ac ǽthra iúbilént
In mágni céna príncipís,
Quæ prótoplásti péctorá
Vítæ purgávit férculó.
Hac nócte fáctor ómniúm
Poténti sát mystérió
Cárnem súam cum sánguiné
In éscam tránsfert ánimǽ....
AH 51: 77.
Though possible lingering or revival of a sense of quantities, and the
shifting pronunciation of proper names, leave uncertainties (as above,
for example in _Adam_ and _vitæ_), there is little doubt that such
variations were not only accepted, but even sought. They often relieve
dubious measures; and conversely they are sometimes used in ruder
_rhythmi_ so excessively as to blur the verse pattern. One of the Bangor
hymns seems to run best as follows:
Médiæ nóctis témpus ést;
Prophética vóx ádmonét,
Dicámus laúdes út Deó
Pátri sémper ac fílió
Sáncto quóque spírituí.
Perfécta énim trínitás
Úniúsque substántiǽ
Laudánda nóbis sémper ést....
Folio 11 _verso_; AH 51: 3.
If so, the syncope in line 2 serves to emphasize _vox_. But the verse
of this hymn is inferior.[38] The better hymns use the variations with
better art.
2. Trochaic
More immediately suggestive of accentual rendering was another
soldiers’ measure used by Prudentius in the first poem of his _Crowns_
(_Peristephanon_), a commemoration of two soldier martyrs. It was better
known through a hymn taken from the ninth poem of his _Days_.
Corde natus ex parentis ante mundi exordium,
A et O cognominatus, ipse fons et clausula
Omnium quæ sunt, fuerunt, quæque post futura sunt,
Ipse iussit, et creata; dixit ipse, et facta sunt:
Terra, cælum, fossa ponti, trina rerum machina,
Quæque in his vigent sub alto solis et lunæ globo,
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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