Ferrara, held as a Marquisate by the d'Este. Bologna " Seigneury " Bentivoglii. Ravenna " " " Polenta. Imola " " " Alidosii and Sforza. Faenza " " " Manfredi. Forlì " " " Ordelaffi and Riarii. Cesena " " " Malatesta. Rimini " " " Malatesta. Pesaro " " " Malatesta and Sforza. Fano " " " Malatesta. Urbino " Dukedom " Montefeltro. S. Angelo, &c. " Seigneury " Brancaleoni. Città di Castello " " " Vitelli. Perugia " " " Baglioni. Assisi " Republic. Foligno " Republic. Spoleto " Dukedom, not hereditary. Camerino " Seigneury by the Varana. Fermo " " " Fogliani. Ancona " Republic. Sinigaglia " Seigneury by the della Rovere. Mercatello " Countship " Brancaleoni. It may seem strange that a territorial arrangement which, unless cemented by a confederacy, is condemned by the publicist as fatal to national strength, should have formerly ensured to Italy, as it had done to ancient Greece, no ordinary measure of those benefits which national independence is supposed to secure. But it is still more remarkable that the nationality prescribed by political empiricists nowadays as a remedy for all her woes should be directly opposed to the system under which she became the harbinger of European improvement and civilisation. This subject, if followed out, would lead to disquisitions, for which these pages are no place. Enough to observe, that the centralisation which united these twenty-two commonwealths under the papal sway, is still, after two centuries, their standing grievance. A spirit of discontent now broods over that district, although government is mildly administered, and taxation is moderate for a land so productive. But twenty-two capitals have been absorbed, and consequently humbled and empoverished. _Hinc illæ lacrymæ!_ Yet theorists, sweeping away ancient landmarks, and overstepping natural boundaries, would begin their speculative ameliorations of the Ausonian peninsula by provincialising nine of her ten remaining capitals; they would diffuse desolation, propagate discontent, and call them nationality. The projects of union and strength that tinge such day-dreams are met by a perhaps insurmountable barrier, in the abundant local jealousies which have survived the independence of multitudinous petty states, and which, as