The standard of length is the English foot, introduced by Peter the Great. There is another and older measure, the Arshīn = 28 inches, i.e. the Turkish arshīn of 27·9 inches varied to a simple relation with the new foot; and like the Turkish measure it is divided into 16 nails (Verstok). See ‘Arshīn,’ further on. 3 Arshīns = 1 Sajeng = 7 feet. 500 Sajeng = 1 Verst = 1166·6 yds. (1·06 kilometre). _Turkey_ The Arshīn or Halebi pík = 27·9 inches. 5-1/2 Arshīns = 1 Qasáb. The Hendázi or Stambūli _drá_ = 25·688 inches, very nearly the Hashími cubit = 25·56 inches. The Cloth-drá = the Flemish ell. All these are divided into either 16 nails or 24 qirát. _Egypt_ The Hendázi drá, as above. The Nile pík of two standards: 1. That of the Black cubit = 21·28 inches. 2. That of the Royal cubit = 20·65 „ There is also a commonly used pík = 26·8 inches, probably a low standard Flemish ell. _Persia_ The geodesic traditions of the ancient Oriental monarchies maintain many of their standards. The principal is the Guz or Yard of 2 common Egyptian cubits 2 × 18·24 = 36·48 inches. It is 1/6000 of the Farsakh, the ancient Parasang or league of 3 meridian miles. There are also amongst others: A Cloth guz = 1-1/2 Hashími cubits = 38·3 inches. Another guz = 1-1/2 Persian cubits = 37·9 „ „ „ = 1-2/3 Hashími cubits = 42 „ _Roumania_ The measures differ little from those of Turkey. The Halebi pík = 27·6 inches. The Hendázi „ = 26·03 „ _Greece_ The Hendázi _píchus_, of Hashími standard = 25·51, is the usual measure. _Tunis, Tripoli, Algeria_ The Moorish drá = 18·94 to 19·2 inches (3/4 of the Hashími cubit), the usual standard. The multiples by 8 show the influence of the Cano of 8 spans from Southern France and Italy. The ancient Roman mile still exists in Tunis, with a length = 1610-1/4 yards. 4. THE HASHÍMI CUBIT