SUMMARY However differently the Mediterranean pound or the rotl may be divided, its ukyé or ounce is always based on one of the dirhems. This dirhem-basis is found in every pound used in Europe and the countries colonised from Europe. The pound, whether of 12 or 16 ounces, found in Morocco, Majorca, Sardinia, Gascony, is then an Arabic weight, with an ounce of 8 dirhems, of 49 grains = 392 grains. The pound of Provence was 16 ounces, each 8 dirhems of 47·1 grains. The Troy pounds had ounces of 10 dirhems varying between 47·2 grains for French Troy and 48·3 for northern Troy. The Spanish pound = 7101 grains, its ounce = 443·8 grains, was originally at the Moorish standard of 6 mithkals to the ounce, that is the Egypto-Roman ounce, the old averdepois ounce. But 6 mithkals being equal to 9 lesser dirhems, this dirhem-basis appears to have been taken. Then, for lesser dirhems of 48·5 grains, 9 heavier dirhems of 49·3 grains, nearly the Morocco and Gascony standard, were substituted. The Nuremburg or Venetian pound. Its ounce, = 460 grains, was 12 drachms of 57·6 grains, 1/100 of the lesser rotl. The Cologne pound of 7200 grains, its ounce = 451 grains, or at Tower standard 450 grains, was the greater rotl. Or its ounce was 9 dirhems of that rotl, dirhems of 50·03 grains. It is thus seen that every European pound is composed of ounces on a dirhem-basis, of 8, 9, 10 or 12 dirhems; or, as in the case of the averdepois ounce, coinciding with the ounce of 6 mithkals or 9 dirhems. The ounce was— 8 dirhems in the light Mediterranean pounds. 9 dirhems in the medium pounds of Spain and Cologne. 10 dirhems in the Troy pounds. 10 greater dirhems in the Russian pound. 12 drachmæ in the Venetian pound. ORIGINAL WEIGHTS OF THE DIRHEMS 1. Coin-weights:— Grains. Aureus, 1/6 of As-ounce 70·1 3/4 „ 1/8 „ „ greater dirhem 52·6 Mithkal, 1/6 of Egypto-Roman ounce 72·74 3/4 „ 1/9 „ „ „ lesser dirhem 48·5 2. Rotl-weights:— 1/100 lesser rotl drachma 57·63 1/144 greater rotl medium dirhem 50·03 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ CHAPTER XIX FOREIGN MEASURES OF CAPACITY 1. THE TEUTONIC SYSTEM Measures of capacity are always either— (_a_) based on a certain cubed linear measure; (_b_) made to hold a certain weight of water or of corn. A measure of capacity for wine or other fluids may be increased in water-wheat, or pound-pint, ratio to make a corn-measure.