There is some reason to believe that the Neanderthals were degenerating physically and industrially during the very severe conditions of life of the fourth glaciation, but the consequent inferiority and diminution in numbers would not account for their total extinction, and we are inclined to attribute this to the entrance into the whole Neanderthal country of western Europe toward the close of Lower Palæolithic times of a new and highly superior race. Archæologists find traces of a new culture and industry in certain Mousterian stations preceding the disappearance of the typical Mousterian industry. Such a mingling is found in the valley of the Somme in northern France. From this scanty evidence we may infer that the new race competed for a time with the Neanderthals before they dispossessed them of their principal stations and drove them out of the country or killed them in battle. The Neanderthals, no doubt, fought with wooden weapons and with the stone-headed dart and spear, but there is no evidence that they possessed the bow and arrow. There is, on the contrary, some possibility that the newly arriving Crô-Magnon race may have been familiar with the bow and arrow, for a barbed arrow or spear head appears in drawings of a later stage of Crô-Magnon history, the so-called Magdalenian. It is thus possible, though very far from being demonstrated, that when the Crô-Magnons entered western Europe, at the dawn of the Upper Palæolithic, they were armed with weapons which, with their superior intelligence and physique, would have given them a very great advantage in contests with the Neanderthals. (=1=) Commont, 1912.1, p. 294. (=2=) Smith, W., 1894.1, chap. XV. (=3=) Dietrich, 1910.1, pp. 329, 330. (=4=) Penck, 1909.1. (=5=) Leverett, 1910.1, pp. 306-314. (=6=) Geikie, 1914.1. (=7=) _Op. cit._, p. 272. (=8=) _Op. cit._, pp. 265-266. (=9=) Keith, 1911.1, p. 23, Fig. 5. (=10=) Munro, 1912.1, pp. 46, 47. (=11=) Lartet, 1861.1; 1875.1. (=12=) De Vibraye, 1864.1. (=13=) Massénat, 1868.1. (=14=) Smith, W., 1894.1, chap. XIV. (=15=) Geikie, 1914.1, p. 119. (=16=) Smith, W., _op. cit._, pp. 196, 197. (=17=) _Op. cit._, p. 224. (=18=) Geikie, 1914.1, p. 118. (=19=) Bächler, 1912.1. (=20=) Schmidt, 1912.1, pp. 18-32, 165-171. (=21=) _Op. cit._, Table opposite p. 270. (=22=) Osborn, 1910.1, pp. 419, 420. (=23=) Niezabitowski, 1911.1. (=24=) Harlé, 1908.1, p. 302. (=25=) Obermaier, 1912.1, p. 135. (=26=) Keith, 1911.2. (=27=) Boule, 1913.1, pp. 220, 221. (=28=) _Op. cit._, p. 64. (=29=) Fischer, 1913.1, pp. 336, 337. (=30=) Schaaffhausen, 1875.1; 1858.1. (=31=) Lyell, 1863.1, pp. 80-92. (=32=) Schwalbe, 1897.1; 1901.1; 1901.2; 1904.1. (=33=) King, 1864.1. (=34=) Cope, 1893.1. (=35=) Wilser, 1898.1. (=36=) Fraipont, 1887.1. (=37=) Schwalbe, 1914.2. (=38=) Dupont, 1866.1. (=39=) Maška, 1886.1. (=40=) Rzehak, 1906.1. (=41=) Fischer, 1913.1. (=42=) Klaatsch, 1909.1. (=43=) Bouyssonie, 1909.1.