(=44=) Boule, 1908.1; 1908.2; 1909.1; 1911.1; 1912.1. (=45=) Boule, 1913.1. (=46=) Martin, H., 1911.1. (=47=) Nicolle, 1910.1. (=48=) Keith, 1911.1. (=49=) Fischer, 1913.1, p. 352. (=50=) Schwalbe, 1914.1, p. 544, Figs. 4 and 5. (=51=) Fischer, _op. cit._ (=52=) Boule, 1913.1, p. 85. (=53=) Gorjanovič-Kramberger, 1909.1. (=54=) Boule, 1913.1, p. 104. (=55=) Tomes, 1914.1, pp. 588-598. (=56=) Schwalbe, 1901.2; 1914.1, pp. 534, 535. (=57=) Schwalbe, 1901.1. (=58=) Boule, 1913.1. (=59=) _Op. cit._, pp. 66, 67, 72, 75. (=60=) Berry, 1914.1. (=61=) Johnson, 1913.1. (=62=) Quatrefages, 1884.1, p. 394. (=63=) Martin, R., 1914.1, p. 645. (=64=) Boule, 1910.1; 1911.1. (=65=) Anthony, 1912.1. (=66=) Boule, 1913.1, p. 119. (=67=) _Op. cit._, p. 120. (=68=) Geikie, 1914.1, p. 130; Godwin-Austen, 1840.1. (=69=) Schmidt, 1912.1, pp. 23, 32, 66, 75, 76, 101, 169. (=70=) _Op. cit._, p. 128. (=71=) Schuchhardt, 1913.1, p. 144. (=72=) Déchelette, 1908.1, vol. I, pp. 98-101. (=73=) Obermaier, 1912.1, p. 130. (=74=) Commont, 1909.1. (=75=) Schmidt, 1912.1, pp. 126-128. (=76=) Déchelette, 1908.1, vol. I, pp. 104, 105. (=77=) Hrdlička, 1914.1. CHAPTER IV OPENING OF THE UPPER PALÆOLITHIC--THE GRIMALDI RACE--ARRIVAL OF THE CRÔ-MAGNON RACE AND OF THE AURIGNACIAN INDUSTRY--GEOGRAPHIC AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS--MAMMALIAN LIFE--CHARACTERISTICS AND HABITS OF THE CRÔ-MAGNONS--DISTRIBUTION OF THE AURIGNACIAN INDUSTRY--THE BIRTH OF ART--ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE SOLUTREAN INDUSTRY--BRÜNN RACE--SOLUTREAN INDUSTRY AND ART. In the whole racial history of western Europe there has never occurred so profound a change as that involving the disappearance of the Neanderthal race and the appearance of the Crô-Magnon race. It was the replacement of a race lower than any existing human type by one which ranks high among the existing types in capacity and intelligence. The Crô-Magnons belonged to _Homo sapiens_, the same species of man as ourselves, and appear to have been the chief race of the Upper Palæolithic Period up to the very close of Magdalenian times, after which they apparently underwent a decline. Although there were one or more other races which influenced the industrial development of western Europe, the Crô-Magnons were certainly dominant, as shown both by the abundance of their skeletal remains and by the wide distribution of their industry and art; the Upper Palæolithic may almost be said to be the period of the Crô-Magnons as the Lower Palæolithic is that of the Neanderthals and the Pre-Neanderthals. Their arrival toward the end of Mousterian times effected a social and industrial change and a race replacement of so profound a nature that it would certainly be legitimate to separate the Upper Palæolithic from the Lower by a break equal to that which separates the former from the Neolithic.(1)