III. ÆSCHYLUS ON THE EARLY EVOLUTION OF MAN 505 IV. 'UROCHS' OR 'AUEROCHS' AND 'WISENT' 505 V. THE CRÔ-MAGNONS OF THE CANARY ISLANDS 506 VI. THE LENGTH OF POSTGLACIAL TIME AND THE ANTIQUITY OF THE AURIGNACIAN CULTURE 510 VII. THE MOST RECENT DISCOVERIES OF ANTHROPOID APES AND SUPPOSED ANCESTORS OF MAN IN INDIA 511 VIII. ANTHROPOID APES DISCOVERED BY CARTHAGINIAN NAVIGATORS 511 BIBLIOGRAPHY 513 INDEX 533 ILLUSTRATIONS Plate I. Neanderthal man at the grotto of Le Moustier (_in tint_) _Frontispiece_ PAGE Plate II. Discovery sites of the type specimens of human and prehuman races (_in color_) _facing_ 19 Plate III _Pithecanthropus_, the ape-man of Java 87 Plate IV. The Piltdown man 145 Plate V. The Neanderthal man of La Chapelle-aux-Saints 203 Plate VI. The 'Old Man of Crô-Magnon' 273 Plate VII. Crô-Magnon artists in the cavern of Font-de-Gaume (_in tint_) 358 Plate VIII. Bison painted by Palæolithic artists in the cavern of Altamira (_in color_) 414 FIG. 1. Modern, Palæolithic, and chimpanzee skulls compared 8 2. Skull and brain of _Pithecanthropus_, the ape-man of Java 9 3. Three great types of flint implements 11 4. Evolution of the lance-point 15 5. Map--Type stations of Palæolithic cultures 16 6. Section--Terraces of the River Inn near Scharding 25 7. Section--Terraces of the River Rhine above Basle 26 8. Section--Terraces of the River Thames near London 28 9. Magdalenian loess station of Aggsbach in Lower Austria 29 10. Section of the site of the Neanderthal cave 31 11. Sections showing the formation of the typical limestone cavern 32 12. Map--Europe in the period of maximum continental elevation 35 13. Section showing snow-lines and sea-levels of the Glacial Epoch 37 14. Chronological chart--Great events of the Glacial Epoch 41 15. Zoogeographic map 45 16. The gibbon 50 17. The orang 51