crime is the result of constitutional defects in the form of hereditary tendencies and arrested mental development, educational defects, a deterioration of habits as shown by alcoholism, etc., accidental influences such as environment and poverty, pathological conditions, including epilepsy and insanity, and precipitating factors in the form of emotional disturbances. Criminality, alcoholism, poverty, prostitution and mental deficiency are closely correlated. A special committee appointed by the New York State Prison Commission has made an exceedingly interesting report[82] on the relation existing between mental disease and crime. Their investigation shows that 21.8 per cent of 608 cases at Sing Sing, thirty-five per cent of 459 men at Auburn, twenty-two per cent of three hundred men at the Massachusetts State Prison, twenty-eight per cent of forty-nine women at Joliet, twenty-five per cent of seventy-six women at Auburn, twenty-three per cent of one hundred cases at the Indiana State Prison and thirty per cent of 150 examined at San Quentin were found to be mentally defective. An average of 27.5 per cent has been found in the prison population as a whole. Thirty-one and four-tenths per cent of the inmates of reformatories, training schools, workhouses and penitentiaries were found to be feebleminded. From twenty-seven to twenty-nine per cent of the inmates of penal and correctional institutions of the country were said to be defective. About thirty per cent of the population of the penal institutions for women in New York were found to be feebleminded. A study of 502 selected cases at the Psychopathic Laboratory of the Police Department of New York City in 1917 showed that fifty-eight per cent were suffering from either nervous or mental abnormalities. Of one thousand offenders examined by the medical service of the Boston Municipal Court twenty-three per cent were feebleminded, 10.4 per cent, psychopathic, 3.17 per cent, epileptic and nine per cent, mentally diseased and deteriorated; 45.6 per cent in all showed abnormal mental conditions. It has been shown that one of the most important causes of recidivism is mental deficiency. The importance of this observation may be illustrated by the fact that of 133,047 persons admitted to the penal and correctional institutions of New York state sixty per cent had served previous terms. Of 25,820 persons received at institutions in Massachusetts during one year, 57.4 per cent were recidivits. Justice Roads is responsible for the statement that of 180,000 convictions in England in one year more than ten thousand represented persons convicted upwards of twenty times previously.