Stöcker,[219] after an extended study of a considerable number of cases, came to the conclusion that alcoholism is the result of a constitutional condition but not the cause of characteristic psychoses. Often, as was also shown by Bonhöffer, it is to be attributed to a psychopathic personality either acquired or congenital. The psychoses represented by the group of patients he examined included manic-depressive insanity, dementia praecox, hysteria, epilepsy and other miscellaneous conditions. He refers to dipsomania as an epileptic equivalent. His conclusions in brief were as follows:—"Chronic alcoholism in the first place is a symptom of a mental disease. It may, however, so exaggerate stationary epilepsy, chronic mania, dementia praecox, etc., which hitherto were latent, and perhaps would remain still latent without alcoholic abuses, that it may lead to a sudden outbreak of a turbulent disease manifestation. It may also give these diseases peculiar traits or a peculiar coloring for some time, which above all, may appear as the most striking phenomena, and thus cover up the symptoms of the fundamental disorder. Furthermore, it may, also, on the basis of this constitutional disease give rise to independent clinical pictures." Karpas[220] in commenting on this says: "One must remember that cravings play important rôles in our mental life. Some of our cravings are gratified; others find realization in our dreams; still others are repressed and compensated. In fact, our mental life is nothing but a readjustment, of complex reactions. The poet finds recourse in his phantasies; the philosopher gives vent to his theoretical speculations; the scientist resorts to his inventions and hypothetical theories; the well balanced, normal individual seeks readjustment in healthy activities,—art, literature, science, occupations, sport, etc., etc. But the individual with a poorly endowed constitution finds refuge in neurosis, psychosis, alcoholism, drugs, and other vicious habits. We must recognize that alcoholism is nothing but a compensation for a complex, the fulfillment of which was denied by reality."