To denote the _passivity_ of the mind, as acted upon, and under the influence of emotion, the Greeks named the passions in general, [Greek: pathos], suffering, whence our terms pathos, pathetic, etc., whence also the Latin _passio_ and _patior_, from which our word _passion_. The Stoics, in particular, designated all emotions as [Greek: pathê], diseases, regarding them as disorders of the mind. _Hartley's Division._--Among the moderns, _Hartley_ divides the sensibilities into the two leading classes of _grateful_ and _ungrateful_ ones; under the former, including love, desire, hope, joy, and pleasing recollection; under the latter, the opposites of these emotions, hatred, aversion, fear, grief displeasing recollection. _Distinction of primitive and derivative._--Certain other English writers, as _Watts_ and _Grove_, derive all the emotions ultimately from the three principal ones, admiration, love, and hatred, which they term the _primitive_ passions, all others being _derivative_. _Division of Cogan._--_Cogan_, whose treatise on the passions is a work of much interest, divides the sensibilities into _passions_, _emotions_, and _affections_; by the first of these terms designating the first impression which the mind receives from some impulsive cause; by the second, the more permanent feeling which succeeds, and which betrays itself by visible signs in the expressions of the countenance and the motions of the body; while by affections, he denotes the less intense and more durable influence exerted upon the mind by the objects of its regard. The passions and affections are, by this author, further divided into those which spring from _self-love_ and those which are derived from the _social principle_. _Classification of Dr. Reid._--_Dr. Reid_ divides the active principles, as he terms them, into three classes, the _mechanical_, the _animal_, and the _rational_, including, under the first, our instincts and habits, under the second, our appetites, under the third, our higher principles of action. _Of Stewart._--_Dugald Stewart_ makes two classes, the _instinctive_ or _implanted_, and the _rational_ or _governing_ principles, under the former including _appetites_, _desires_, and _affections_, under the latter, _self-love_ and the _moral faculty_. The desires are distinguished from the appetites, in that they do not, like the former, take their rise from the body, nor do they operate, periodically, after certain intervals, and cease after the attainment of their object. Under the title of affections, are comprehended all those principles of our nature that have for their object the communication of good or of ill to others.