Migration of Birds (1979)Lincoln, Frederick Charles
Science
Migration of Birds (1979)
Lincoln, Frederick Charles
Birds; Birds -- Migration
To a land-dweller traveling the ocean, the vast expanse may seem
featureless but the reverse may be true for a seabird blown over land
by a storm. In the latter situation the differences in vegetation
and topography "obvious" to land-dwellers are completely foreign to
a seabird as it has had little previous experience to help interpret
these "strange objects." Griffin and Hock (1949) observed the flight
behavior of gannets displaced far inland away from their nests.
The bird appeared to search randomly until the coastline was met,
then the fliers pursued a much more direct course home. Herring
gulls, displaced about 250 miles from their nest in 2 consecutive
years, returned the second year in one-sixth the time required the
first year (Griffin 1943). To birds such as gannets, albatrosses,
and shearwaters, which spend almost their entire lives traveling
thousands of miles at sea and return to very specific nesting areas,
the "featureless ocean expanses" are probably very rich in visual
cues. It is difficult to believe a bird dependent on the sea for
its livelihood cannot help but be aware of wave direction, islands,
reefs, atolls, concentrations of floating flotsam, organisms,
currents, clouds over islands, fog belts, etc.
Much migration takes place at night and great stretches of the open
sea are crossed to reach destinations. Nights are rarely so dark that
all terrestrial objects are totally obscured, and features such as
coastlines and rivers are just those that are most likely to be seen
in the faintest light, particularly by the acute vision of birds from
their aerial points of observation. Even if terrestrial objects are
completely obscured on a very dark night, the migrants are still able
to assess their surroundings during the day before starting out again.
Some birds, especially colonial seabirds, seem to be able to fly
unerringly through the densest fog, particularly in the vicinity of
their nest site. Members of the Biological Survey, proceeding by
steamer through a dense fog from the island of Unalaska to Bogoslof
Island in the Bering Sea, recorded flocks of murres, returning to
Bogoslof after quests for food. The birds broke through the wall of
fog astern, flew by the vessel, and disappeared into the mists ahead
on the same course as the ship. On the other hand, radar observations
of migrating birds have indicated strong directional movements
on clear nights but often completely random movements in heavily
overcast or stormy weather. Possibly some birds can perceive the
position of the sun through an overcast as honey bees are known to
do. It is less likely the stars could be detected through overcast at
night.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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