5. To the murder of prisoners or the wounded 17 6. To the murder of surrendered garrisons 18 7. To the destruction of fishing-boats 19 8. To the disuse of the declaration of war 19 9. To the torture and mutilation of combatants and non-combatants 20 10. To the custom of contributions 20 The futile attempts of Grotius and Vattel to humanise warfare 21 The rights of war in the time of Grotius 24 The futility of international law with regard to laws of war 26 The employment of barbarian troops 26 The taking of towns by assault 27 The laws of war contrasted with the practice 28 War easier to abolish than to humanise 30 CHAPTER II. WARFARE IN CHIVALROUS TIMES. Delusion about character of war in days of chivalry 32 The common slaughter of women and children 33 The Earl of Derby’s sack of Poitiers 34 The massacres of Grammont and Gravelines 35 The old poem of the Vow of the Heron 36 The massacre of Limoges by Edward the Black Prince 37 The imprisonment of ladies for ransom 38 Prisoners of war starved to death 39 Or massacred, if no prospect of ransom 41 Or blinded or otherwise mutilated 42 The meaning of a surrender at discretion 44 As illustrated by Edward III. at Calais 44 And by several instances in the same and the next century 45 The practice of burning in aid of war 47 And of destroying sacred buildings 47 The practice of poisoning the air 49 The use of barbarous weapons 50 The influence of religion on war 51 The Church in vain on the side of peace 52 Curious vows of the knights 54 The slight personal danger incurred in war by them 54 The explanation of their magnificent costume 55 Field sports in war-time 56 The desire of gain the chief motive of war 57 The identity of soldiers and brigands 57 The career and character of the Black Prince 59