The place of money in the history of chivalry 61 Its influence as a war-motive between England and France 62 General low character of chivalrous warfare 64 CHAPTER III. NAVAL WARFARE. Robbery the first object of maritime warfare 66 The piratical origin of European navies 67 Merciless character of wars at sea 69 Fortunes made by privateering in England 71 Privateers commissioned by the State 72 Privateers defended by the publicists 73 Distinction between privateering and piracy 73 Failure of the State to regulate privateering 74 Privateering condemned by Lord Nelson 77 Privateering abolished by the declaration of Paris in 1856 78 Modern feeling against seizure of private property at sea 79 Naval warfare in days of wooden ships 80 Unlawful methods of maritime war 81 The Emperor Leo VI.’s ‘Treatise on Tactics’ 83 The use of fire-ships 84 Death the penalty for serving in fire-ships 85 Torpedoes originally regarded as ‘bad’ war 85 English and French doctrine of rights of neutrals 86 Enemy’s property under neutral flag secured by Treaty of Paris 87 Shortcomings of the Treaty of Paris with regard to-- 1. A definition of what is contraband 88 2. The right of search of vessels under convoy 88 3. The practice of Embargoes 89 4. The _Jus Angariæ_ 90 The International Marine Code of the future 91 CHAPTER IV. MILITARY REPRISALS. International law on legitimate reprisals 93 The Brussels Conference on the subject 95 Illustrations of barbarous reprisals 97 Instances of non-retaliation 98 Savage reprisals in days of chivalry 100 Hanging the commonest reprisals for a brave defence 101 As illustrated by the warfare of the fifteenth century 102 Survival of the custom to our own times 104 The massacre of a conquered garrison still a law of war 105 The shelling of Strasburg by the Germans 106 Brutal warfare of Alexander the Great 107