(_a_) The construction of the furnace is comparatively simple, and it is not excessively expensive to erect; furnaces and accessory plant can be purchased complete and easily set up and taken down again when required. (_b_) The furnace is elastic in its operation, especially where the supply of material varies from time to time, involving changes in the composition of the charge. (_c_) The furnace is readily started, shut down, and restarted at will, and without much difficulty or additional expense. (_d_) The operation and smelting are rapid and cheap, the capacity can be made enormously large; all classes of material—except fines—such as ores, slags, and residues, which accumulate to a considerable extent round a smelter, can be conveniently dealt with directly, whilst fines can now, where necessary, often be prepared into a suitable form for blast-furnace treatment. (_e_) The heat is more efficiently communicated to the individual parts of the charge, in consequence of the more intimate contact of charge and fuel. (_f_) The fuel consumption is low, the natural fuel values of the iron and sulphur on the charge can be utilised, and the degree of oxidation (and consequent concentration) can be controlled in the furnace operation. (_g_) The furnace works continuously (in modern practice the reverberatory furnace is also continuous in its action). Owing to the great elasticity in blast-furnace operation, and its capability of dealing with practically every class of copper-bearing material in lump form, modern practice is of the most diverse character. 2. =The Blast Furnace as a Reducing Medium.=—In modern smelting practice, with but a few exceptional instances, a distinctly reducing atmosphere is avoided as far as possible. This arises largely from the fact that the material available in modern work usually demands oxidation in order that satisfactory concentration may be effected. In the early days of copper smelting, however, the reducing action was the chief function which was exercised, mainly because at that time oxidised ores constituted an important part of the charge, and a reducing action was required to obtain marketable products from such material. At a later stage in the development of blast-furnace practice, the sulphide ores which became available were roasted, and the resulting oxidised products were subjected to reduction smelting, in order to extract the metal. On such oxidised charges, blast furnaces were almost universally employed, using carbonaceous fuel either in the form of coke or charcoal, this material fulfilling the double purpose of fuel and reducing agent, the excess carbon causing the reduction of the metal from the oxidised ore.