3. =The Blast Furnace as an Oxidising Medium: Sulphide Ores in the Blast Furnace.=—In modern blast-furnace practice, the oxidising function of the furnace is the principal feature of working. Sulphide ores now constitute the chief source of copper, and the smelting operations involve the oxidation of the accompanying constituents and the elimination of the resulting oxidised products. Such ores when smelted in the blast furnace with carbonaceous fuel, and under the reducing conditions characteristic of the older methods of working, would yield a product showing low concentration of the copper, since the reducing conditions would largely retard the oxidation of sulphur which is an essential for the enrichment of the matte. Except for the sulphur eliminated from the pyritic constituents by the direct action of heat, and a certain quantity by the interactions with oxides as already indicated, the loss of sulphur would be slight. The furnace under such circumstances would thus tend mainly to exercise its melting function, and the result of such working would be the melting down and subsequent separation of the sulphides and slag, with even less tendency to concentration than occurs in the reverberatory furnace, where the atmosphere is less distinctly reducing. The modern method of smelting sulphide ores being essentially an oxidising process, it is necessary that oxygen be added to the charge with the object of promoting the elimination of the sulphur and iron, and the consequent concentration of the copper. This oxygen may be added in one of three ways:— A. Addition of oxygen to the charge previous to the blast furnace smelting operation (_Roasting_). B. Addition of oxygen to the charge during the smelting operation itself. i. By adding oxidised materials to the charge (_Blast-furnace smelting with carbonaceous fuel_). ii. By using the air blast of the furnace for oxidising the iron and sulphur, thus at the same time utilising these elements as fuel and proportionately diminishing the amount of carbonaceous fuel required (_The pyritic principle of smelting_). A. _Roasting practice_ has already been discussed, and the reasons for avoiding the operation where practicable, on account of the expenses of an extra process, the losses involved, the fineness of the product, and the loss of fuel values, have been indicated (Lecture IV., pp. 66–80). B. i. _Addition of Oxidised Charges in the Blast Furnace._—The tendency for oxidised cupriferous materials to interact with sulphides finds useful application in copper smelting, since it assists the concentration of the copper in the resulting mattes. The principal reactions involved in this method are— 2CuO + Cu_{2}S ➡ 4Cu + SO_{2} 2Cu_{2}O + Cu_{2}S ➡ 6Cu + SO_{2} CuSO_{4} + Cu_{2}S ➡ 3Cu + 2SO_{2}