Modern Copper Smelting: being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.Levy, Donald M.
Science
Modern Copper Smelting: being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.
Levy, Donald M.
Copper -- Metallurgy
The current from the dynamos is brought by heavy leads and is
distributed through the sets of tanks in the manner best suited to the
installation. At one of the newer works, dynamos producing about 6,000
amperes at 120 to 150 volts, supply sufficient current to operate a set
of 400 vats working on the lines just indicated.
[Illustration: Fig. 73.—Indicating Methods of Suspending and Connecting
Electrodes (Perth Amboy, N.J.).]
_The Depositing Tanks._—The tanks are usually constructed of wood,
such as strong pitch pine, and they are lead-lined. The cross-section
is usually such as will allow a space of about 3 inches between the
edges of the electrode and the wall, and a 6-inch space from the
tank-bottom to the lower edge of the plate. The length of the vats
varies considerably, according to the desired output and to convenience
of working—10 to 15 feet being average dimensions. This size of vat
will hold 15 to 25 anodes together with a corresponding number of
cathodes (16 to 26). The tanks are arranged across the building in a
number of rows which are usually stepped down in stages of about 2 to
3 inches each, so as to assist as much as possible the circulation of
the electrolyte through the system by gravity, and the vats are set in
pairs with aisle-ways between (see Fig. 72).
Leads run along each side of the tank, the current being conveyed to
all the anodes at once by resting one lug of each plate upon the lead
which runs along one side of the tank, carefully insulating the other
lug from the conductor situated at the opposite side, this being used
for connecting up the cathodes. The cathode-sheets are suspended from
metallic cross-bars, which rest upon their own conducting lead, and
are carefully insulated from the anode lead at the other side. The
solutions are heated by means of steam coils.
_Distribution of the Electrolyte._—The necessary circulation of the
electrolyte is effected as much as possible by the natural action of
gravity. The tanks of the top row in the depositing-house receive a
constant supply of fresh solution from upper distributing vats, whilst
old electrolyte is drawn off from near the bottom of the tanks, and
flows over to those on the next and lower level. Fresh solution thus
enters at the top of the tank, old solution is drawn off from below,
and thus a uniform density and composition is maintained. From the
tanks situated at the lowest level, the solution passes to a well, and
from there is pumped up to the store-tanks or, when necessary, to the
purifying tanks; air-pressure pumps being often employed for this work.
[Illustration: Fig. 74.—Indicating Connections for Circulation of
Electrolyte (Barnett).]
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