About 110 feet appears to be the practicable maximum for furnace length, and reverberatories of this size are being constructed wherever circumstances permit, several new smelters having erected such furnaces—there are eight at Anaconda, Mont.; two at Garfield, Utah; five at Tooele, Utah; four at Cananea, etc. The length of the hearth is naturally dependent upon the character of the fuel, particularly the length of flame given out on burning. Bituminous fat coals are the most suitable for this purpose, and in localities where such fuel is not available, the use of liquid fuel has now been successfully adopted. 4. _Maintaining a Heated Matte Pool in the Furnace._—This is probably the most important and beneficial advance made in reverberatory practice. In certain stages of the old Welsh process, a store of matte was retained in the furnace after skimming off the slag, but the object was to collect a sufficiently large quantity of matte in the furnace for convenient tapping out. The modern practice has several objects and possesses enormous advantages— (i.) It assists efficient settling. (ii.) It conserves the heat inside the furnace. (iii.) It presents a highly heated surface for the fresh charge to fall upon, and thus greatly increases the rapidity of melting, by ensuring that the charge is heated both from above and from below. (iv.) It prevents the sticking of half-fused charges to the furnace bottom, the removal of which masses would necessitate much labour, and occasion cooling of the furnace by the opening of working doors. (v.) It preserves the furnace bottom. Liquid matte has practically no action on the siliceous material of the hearth, and so presents an inert mass between the bottom and the charge. This charge consists of calcines (mainly oxides of iron), which would, during the process of melting down, slag with and corrode the furnace hearth were it not protected by the matte layer. (vi.) It allows of continuous charging and withdrawal of materials, and of continued high temperature in the furnace, thus protecting the furnace lining from much wear and tear. Nothing damages furnace linings more than exposure to changes of temperature, on account of the continual expansion and contraction of the brickwork and the low thermal conductivity of the silica. Furnace linings wear out much more from such action than from long exposure to continued high temperature. (vii.) There is effected an enormous saving of time, fuel, and labour by maintaining a constant high temperature, instead of having to heat the furnace up again after each tapping and charging, as was the case with the older methods of working.