[8] By Charcot (1825-1893), _Leçons sur les Maladies du Système nerveux faites à la Salpêtrière_ and _Localisation dans les Maladies du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière_, 1880. By Ribot (1839-1916), _Hérédité, Etude psychologique_, 1873, Eng. trans., 1875; _Les Maladies de la Mémoire, Essai dans la Psychologie positive_, 1881, Eng. trans., 1882; _Maladies de la Volonté_, 1883, Eng. trans., 1884; _Maladies de la Personnalité_, 1885, Eng. trans., 1895. Ribot expressed regret at the way in which abnormal psychology has been neglected in England. See his critique of Bain in his _Psychologie anglaise contemporaine_. In 1870 Ribot declared the independence of psychology as a study, separate from philosophy. Ribot had very wide interests beyond pure psychology, a fact which is stressed by his commencing in 1876 the periodical _La Revue philosophique de la France et de l’Etranger_. By Binet (1857-191!), _Magnétisme animal_, 1886; _Les Altérations de la personnalité_, 1892; _L’Introduction à la Psychologie expérimentale_, 1894. He founded the review _L’Année psychologique in 1895_. By Janet (Pierre), born 1859 now Professeur at the Collège de France, _L’Automatisme psychologique_, 1889; _Etat mental des Hystériques_, 1894; and _Neuroses et Idées-fixes_, 1898. He founded the _Journal de Psychologie_. By Paulhan, _Phénomenes affectifs and L’Activité mentale_. To the fame of the Paris School of Psychology must now be added that of the Nancy School embracing the work of Coué. The War and the subsequent course of events in France seemed to deepen the sadness and pessimism of Taine’s character. He described himself as _naturellement triste_, and finally his severe positivism developed into a rigorous stoicism akin to that of Marcus Aurelius and Spinoza. This attitude of mind coloured his unfinished historical work, _Les Origines de la France contemporaine_, upon which he was engaged for the last years of his life (1876-1894). It may be noticed for its bearing upon the study of sociological problems which it indirectly encouraged. Just as Taine had regarded a work of art as the product of social environment, so he looks upon historical events. This history bears all the marks of Taine’s rigid, positive philosophy, intensified by his later stoicism. The Revolution of 1789 is treated in a cold and stern manner devoid of enthusiasm of any sort. He could not make historical narrative live like Michelet, and from his own record the Revolution itself is almost unintelligible. For Taine, however, we must remember, human nature is absolutely the product of race, environment and history.[9]