VI. MONOPOLIES IN TRADE 71 Absolute control not essential to a monopoly, 71 History of trade monopolies, 72 Monopolies in country retail trade, 73 In city retail trade, 74 In wholesale trade, 75 Co-operation of trusts and trade monopolies, 75 Monopolies in the grocery trade, 76 Monopolies in meat, 77 A general view, 78 Monopolies among purchasers, 78 "Corners" and monopolies, 80 Commercial exchanges and speculation, 82 Warehouse monopolies, 82 Insurance monopolies, 83 Trade monopolies artificial, 84 Their unjust acts, 85 VII. MONOPOLIES DEPENDING ON THE GOVERNMENT 87 Government monopolies in ancient times, 87 Government monopolies established for the benefit of the people, 88 Copyrights, 88 Patents, 89 Evils arising from the patent system, 90 Monopolies based on patents, 91 The Bell telephone monopoly, 92 Government subsidies, 94 Relation of the tariff to monopolies, 95 Origin of the protective tariff, 96 The tariff a secondary cause of trusts, 98 Reductions in the tariff as a remedy for trusts, 99 Monopolies carried on directly by Government, 100.