VIII. MONOPOLIES IN THE LABOR MARKET 102 Classes of labor considered, 102 Monopolies of capital and monopolies of labor compared, 103 Locomotive engineers' strike on the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railway, 105 Effect of labor monopolies upon the people, 105 The history of labor, 107 The first trade-unions, 108 Laws against them, 109 Labor organizations from the laborer's standpoint, 110 "An injury to one the concern of all," 110 Preserving the self-respect of the laborer, 111 Repeal of unjust laws, 113 A defence for the action of labor monopolies, 114 The underlying cause of labor monopolies, 116 Limits to the power of labor monopolies, 118. IX. MONOPOLIES AND COMPETITION IN OTHER INDUSTRIES 119 Occupations of the people, 119 Proportion of the people in any way benefited by monopolies 120 Proportion deriving the principal profits from monopolies, 122 Monopolies in the professions, 123 Monopolies among the servant classes, 124 Agricultural industry, 125 Can monopolies be established there? 126 A proposed farmers' trust, 127 The Grange and the Farmers' Alliance, 128 Killing the competition of oleomargarine, 129 Monopolies among agricultural laborers, 130 Proportion of the people benefited and proportion injured by monopolies, 130 Monopolies in the use of capital impossible, 131. X. THE THEORY OF UNIVERSAL COMPETITION 133 The general effect of monopolies, 133 Two sorts of remedies suggested, 134 Study of the laws of competition necessary, 135 The growth of civilized society outlined, 136 The interdependence of modern society, 137 The theory of civilized industry, 137 Supply and demand and the unequal rewards of men's industry, 138 The theoretical perfection of our social system, 141 "Competition the life of trade," 142 The orthodox school of political economy, 143.