The REINDEER or CARIBOO--_Cervus tarandus_--which still exists, both domesticated and wild, in northern Europe and America, is adapted for northern latitudes. It formerly extended over Europe, and in the British Isles probably survived in the north of Scotland until the twelfth century. Its remains have been found in Pleistocene deposits in numerous localities, but most abundantly in those which M. Lartet has assigned to the period which he calls the Reindeer age. Other Pleistocene mammals still existing, but whose range is much restricted, are the musk ox (_Ovibos moschatus_), familiar to us, from the accounts of arctic expeditions, as occurring in the circumpolar regions of North America; the glutton (_Gulo luscus_), the auroch (_Bison europæus_), the wild horse (_E. fossilis_), the arctic fox (_Canis lagopus_), the bison (_Bison priscus_), the elk or moose (_Alces malchis_), found in Norway and North America, the lemming, the lagomys or tail-less hare, &c. As examples of total extinction in late years, we may mention the dodo, the solitaire, and species allied to them, in the islands of Mauritius, Bourbon, and Reunion; the moa in New Zealand; the _Æpiornis_ in Madagascar; the great auk, _Alca impennis_, in northern seas, and the _Rhytina Stelleri_, common once in the latitude of Behring's Straits, and described by Steller in 1742. [Illustration: FIG. 15.--SKELETON OF RHYTINA STELLERI. (_From "The Voyage of the 'Vega.'"_)] The Dodo, a native of the island of Mauritius, was about 50 lbs. in weight, and covered with loose downy plumage, it was unable to rise from the ground in consequence of the imperfect development of its wings; it was minutely described by Sir Thomas Herbert in 1634, and specimens of the living bird and of its skin were brought to Europe. Its unwieldiness led to its speedy destruction by the early voyagers. [Illustration: FIG. 16.--RHYTINA STELLERI. (_From "The Voyage of the 'Vega.'"_)] The Solitaire was confined to the island of Mascaregue or Bourbon. It is fully described by Francis Leguat, who, having fled from France into Holland in 1689, to escape religious persecution consequent on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, engaged under the Marquis de Quesne in an expedition for the purpose of settlement on that island. This bird also speedily became extinct. The Moa (_Dinornis giganteus_, Owen) reached from twelve to fourteen feet in height, and survived for a long period after the migration of the Maories to New Zealand. Bones of it have been found along with charred wood, showing that it had been killed and eaten by the natives; and its memory is preserved in many of their traditions, which also record the existence of a much larger bird, a species of eagle or hawk, which used to prey upon it.[54]