The word _dunum_, so often traceable in Gaelic place-names in the present day (Dundalk, Dunrobin, &c.), and meaning fortress or castle, is another typically Celtic element in European place-names. It occurred very frequently in France—_e.g., Lug-dunum_ (Lyons), _Viro-dunum_ (Verdun). It is also found in Switzerland—_e.g., Minno-dunum_ (Moudon), _Eburo-dunum_ (Yverdon)—and in the Netherlands, where the famous city of Leyden goes back to a Celtic _Lug-dunum._ In Great Britain the Celtic term was often changed by simple translation into _castra_; thus _Camulo-dunum_ became Colchester, _Brano-dunum_ Brancaster. In Spain and Portugal eight names terminating in _dunum_ are mentioned by classical writers. In Germany the modern names Kempton, Karnberg, Liegnitz, go back respectively to the Celtic forms _Cambo-dunum, Carro-aunum,_ _Lugi-dunum_, and we find a _Singi-dunum,_ now Belgrade, in Servia, a _Novi-dunum_, now Isaktscha, in Roumania, a _Carro-dunum_ in South Russia, near the Dniester, and another in Croatia, now Pitsmeza. _Sego-dunum_, now Rodez, in France, turns up also in Bavaria (Wurzburg), and in England (_Sege-dunum,_ now Wallsend, in Northumberland), and the first term, _sego_, is traceable in Segorbe (_Sego-briga_) in Spain. _Briga_ is a Celtic word, the origin of the German _burg_, and equivalent in meaning to _dunum_. One more example: the word _magos_, a plain, which is very frequent as an element of Irish place-names, is found abundantly in France, and outside of France, in countries no longer Celtic, it appears in Switzerland (_Uro-magus_ now Promasens), in the Rhineland (_Broco-magus_, Brumath), in the Netherlands, as already noted (Nimègue), in Lombardy several times, and in Austria. The examples given are by no means exhaustive, but they serve to indicate the wide diffusion of the Celts in Europe and their identity of language over their vast territory.(16) *Early Celtic Art* The relics of ancient Celtic art-work tell the same story. In the year 1846 a great pre-Roman necropolis was discovered at Hallstatt, near Salzburg, in Austria. It contains relics believed by Dr. Arthur Evans to date from about 750 to 400 B.C. These relics betoken in some cases a high standard of civilisation and considerable commerce. Amber from the Baltic is there, Phoenician glass, and gold-leaf of Oriental workmanship. Iron swords are found whose hilts and sheaths are richly decorated with gold, ivory, and amber.