[Illustration: BAD NEWS FROM PARIS Napoleon passing the night in a Russian château near Mikalevka, after receiving the news of General Malet’s conspiracy in Paris From the painting by Verestchagin] NAPOLEON’S RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN OF 1812 BY EDWARD FOORD AUTHOR OF “THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE” ILLUSTRATED WITH THIRTY-TWO PORTRAITS AND HISTORICAL PAINTINGS AND SEVERAL MAPS AND PLANS LONDON: HUTCHINSON AND CO. PATERNOSTER ROW 1914 PREFACE During recent years the history of most of Napoleon’s great campaigns has been given to the world, with the notable exception of that of the catastrophic Russian expedition of 1812. Apart from compilations, I have met only one original work on the subject, in the English language, during the ten years the present work has been in preparation. The publication of thousands of documents dealing with the struggle from the French side by the Historical Section of the French War Office, has rendered easily accessible an immense mass of material for the earlier period of the campaign. A beginning in this respect has also been made by the War Office at St. Petersburg, and some interesting light is thereby thrown upon the preparations on the Russian side, as well as upon the personalities of the Russian leaders. There are also many documents from private sources which have been collected and published. My aim has been simply to relate the history of the terrible campaign in straightforward fashion, without obscuring the narrative by too much digression. I believe that, as matters stand, a better service will thus have been rendered to the cause of history than by the composition of a huge essentially technical work--for which, indeed, there is no place in this country. At present, apart from the needs of soldiers--which they are better qualified to supply than myself--it is not so much scientific discussion of the campaign that is required as knowledge of its episodes. This I have conscientiously endeavoured to supply. I have to express my obligations to Mr. F.J. Hudleston, of the Staff Library at the War Office, for permission to make researches among the works under his charge dealing with the campaign, as well as to his assistant, Mr. Baldry, for his kind help during my work there. I am indebted to Mr. Gordon Home for much invaluable assistance, which it is easier to name than to classify, since it extends to every part of the book. E.F. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. The Preliminaries 1 II. Napoleon’s Army and its Generals 20 III. The Russian Army and its Generals 41 IV. The First Stage of the Campaign. Operations from Kovno to Vitebsk 59 V. The Operations about Smolensk 108 VI. The Operations in Volhynia and on the Düna 159 VII. Smolensk to Borodino 183