could be concentrated at any point without previous preparation. Closely connected with the facilities for communication, which were so admirably established by the Incas, was the system of moving colonies from one part of the empire to another. The evils of minute subdivision were thus avoided, political objects were often secured, and the comfort of the people was increased by the exchange of products. The colonists were called _mitimaes_. For example, the people of the Collao, round Lake Titicaca, lived in a region where corn would not ripen, and if confined to the products of their native land they must have subsisted solely on potatoes, quinua, and llama flesh. But the Incas established colonies from their villages in the coast valleys of Tacna and Moquegua, and in the forests to the eastward. There was constant intercourse, and while the mother country supplied _chuñus_ or preserved potatoes, _charqui_ or dried meat, and wool to the colonists, there came back in return, corn and fruits and cotton cloth from the coast, and the beloved coca from the forests. Military colonies were also established on the frontiers, and the armies of the Incas, in their marches and extensive travels, promoted the circulation of knowledge, while this service also gave employment to the surplus agricultural population. Soldiers were brought from all parts of the empire, and each tribe or _ayllu_ was distinguished by its arms, but more especially by its head-dress. The Inca wore the crimson _llautu_, or fringe; the _Apu_, or general, wore a yellow _llautu_. One tribe wore a puma’s head; the Cañaris were adorned with the feathers of macaws, the Huacrachucus with the horns of deer, the Pocras and Huamanchucus with a falcon’s wing feathers. The arms of the Incas and Chancas consisted of a copper axe, called _champi_; a lance pointed with bronze, called _chuqui_; and a pole with a bronze or stone head in the shape of a six-pointed star, used as a club, called _macana_. The Collas and Quichuas came with slings and _bolas_, the _Antis_ with bows and arrows. Defensive armor consisted of a _hualcanca_ or shield, the _umachucu_ or head-dress, and sometimes a breastplate. The perfect order prevailing in civil life was part of the same system which enforced strict discipline in the army; and ultimately the Inca troops were irresistible against any enemy that could bring an opposing force into the field. Only when the Incas fought against each other, as in the last civil war, could the result be long doubtful. [Illustration: PERUVIAN METAL WORKERS. [Reproduction of a cut in Benzoni’s _Historia del Mondo Nuovo_ (1565). Cf. D. Wilson’s _Prehistoric Man_, i. ch. 9, on the Peruvian metal-workers.—ED.]] [Illustration: PERUVIAN POTTERY. [The tripod in this group is from Panama, the others are Peruvian. This cut follows an engraving in Wilson’s _Prehistoric Man_, ii. 41. There are numerous cuts in Wiener, p. 589, etc. Cf. Stevens’s _Flint Chips_, p. 271.—ED.]]