Nature's Teachings: Human Invention Anticipated by NatureWood, J. G. (John George)
History
Nature's Teachings: Human Invention Anticipated by Nature
Wood, J. G. (John George)
Inventions; Natural history
The carrying capacity of this boat is necessarily small, but as the
shell and nearly the whole of the animal are submerged, and therefore
mostly sustained by the water, a very small amount of flotative power is
sufficient for the purpose. Sometimes, on a fine day, whole fleets of
these natural boats may be seen floating down the stream, thus obtaining
a change of locality without any personal exertion.
In perfectly still water, where no current can waft the Limnæa on its
easy voyage, it still is able to convey itself from one place to
another. By means of extending and contracting the foot, it actually
contrives to crawl along the surface of the water almost as readily as
if it were upon the under side of some solid body, and, although its
progress is slow, it is very steady. Another very common British
water-snail, the Pouch-shell (_Physa fontinalis_), has almost exactly
the same habits. Reference will be made to the Pouch-shell on another
page.
The capacity for converting the body into a boat is not confined to the
molluscs, but is shared by many other animals. Take, for example, the
well-known marine animals, called popularly SEA-ANEMONES. As they appear
when planted on the rocks, they look as incapable of motion as the
flowers whose names they bear. Yet, by means of the flattened base,
which they use just as a snail uses its feet, they can manage to glide
along the rocks in any direction, though very slowly.
The base is capable of extension and contraction, and by elongating one
side of it, fixing the elongated portion, and then raising the remainder
of the base towards it, the animal makes practically a series of very
slow steps. This mode of progression may often be seen in operation on
the glass front of an aquarium.
The same property of expansion and contraction enables the Sea-anemones
to convert their bodies into boats, and float on the surface of the
water. When one of these animals wishes to swim, it ascends the object
to which it is clinging--say the glass of the aquarium--until it has
reached the air. It then very slowly, and bit by bit, detaches the upper
part of the base from the glass, allowing itself to hang with its
tentacles downward. These, by the way, are almost wholly withdrawn when
the animal is engaged in this business. By degrees the whole of the base
is detached from the glass except a very tiny portion of the edge. The
base is next contracted in the middle into the form of a shallow cup,
and, when this is done, the last hold of the glass is released, and the
animal floats away, supported by its hollowed base.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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