Neotropical Hylid Frogs, Genus SmiliscaDuellman, William Edward
Science
Neotropical Hylid Frogs, Genus Smilisca
Duellman, William Edward
Amphibians -- Central America; Frogs; Smilisca
The throat is immaculate in specimens from the Caribbean lowlands in
Limon Province; the throats are dusky laterally in most other specimens
except some from the Meseta Central, in which the throats are heavily
flecked with black. This variation occurs in males and females.
The color and pattern in life are highly variable. A composite
description of living individuals (now KU 91718-41) from 6 kilometers
east of Golfito, Puntarenas, Costa Rica, illustrates the variability:
"Dorsum pale olive-green, fading to tan posteriorly, or tan all over
with dark olive-green or dark brown spots on back and bars on limbs.
Flanks dark brown with cream, greenish gray, or bluish gray mottling.
Posterior surfaces of thighs dark brown with pale blue, pale green, or
tan flecks. Iris creamy silver. Throats white with some brown flecks
peripherally." (Duellman, Field notes, February 15, 1965.) A male from
the Rio Jorco, San Jose, Costa Rica, was dull olive-tan above with
olive-green marks; the flanks were brown with pale tan flecks, and the
posterior surfaces of the thighs were pale brown with cream-colored
flecks. Six females from the same locality were reddish brown above with
olive-brown or dark brown markings; one was uniform orange-tan, and
another was dull olive-green with darker markings.
The color of the iris in living frogs varies from creamy silver to
grayish yellow or bronze with a variable amount of black reticulation.
_Natural History._--_Smilisca sordida_ is not associated with any one
type of vegetation; instead it lives in the vicinity of rocky streams
having low gradients. Breeding takes place primarily in the dry season,
when the water in the streams is clear and at a low level. Through most
of the range of _S. sordida_ showers, or even short heavy rains, occur
in the dry season. After such rains the breeding activity is maximal.
Breeding congregations have been found from December through April, but
a few calling males and gravid females have been taken in June, July,
and August. In the rainy season non-breeding individuals are found
sitting on bushes near streams at night. Taylor (1952:843) found
specimens in bromeliads by day.
Males usually call from rocks or gravel bars in, or at the edge of,
streams. Some individuals perch in low bushes overhanging the streams,
and some sit in shallows in the streams. Clasping pairs have been found
on the banks of streams and in shallow water in streams.
The breeding call consists of one to six moderately short, rather
high-pitched notes (duration 0.18 to 0.45 seconds) repeated at intervals
of 12 seconds to several minutes. Each note is a vibrant rattle having
78 to 135 pulses per second and major frequences of about 1200 to 2600
cycles per second (Pl. 11C).
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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