Fuels, 6, 11, 15, 37, 94, 96, 119, 130, 157, 170 Furnaces, air, 198 Bessemer converters, =123=, 226 Catalan, 7 Cementation, 115 Cupola, 171 early types of, 6, 93 electric, 227 open-hearth, 142 puddling, 95 Siemens-Martin, 142 Talbot, 153 Gas, coke oven, 41, 47 natural, 157 producer, 157 Hadfield, Sir Robert, 235 Hammers for forging, 249 Hardening, air or self, 241 Hardening of steels, 109, 233, 240, 316, 333 Holley, Alexander L., 127 Huntsman crucible melting process, 10, 118 Ingots, steel, 245 Irons, “black heart” malleable cast, 209 Busheled, 105 cast (See also Semi-steel), 7, 79, =160=, =178=, 346 classification of, 69, 89 early history of, 1, 4, 91 ingot, 75 malleable, 4, 123 malleable cast, 81, =195= pig, 63 puddled, 75, =91= strengths of the iron alloys, 83, 188 Swedish, 93 white, 81, 184, 198 “white heart” malleable cast, 21 wrought, 75, 77, =91= wrought, early processes for, 4, 93 Kelly, William, 124 Lap-welded pipe, 296 Lime, use of, 139, 149, 230 Limestone as flux, 50, 173 Linings, acid and basic, 139, 156, 230 of Bessemer converters, 139 of electric furnaces, 230 of open-hearth furnaces, 148 of puddling furnaces, 97 Magnetism, loss of, in steels, 314 Manganese, 135, 151 Hadfield’s manganese steel, 235 Mannesmann process for billet piercing, 302 Melting points of iron-carbon alloys, 4, 6, =83=, 94, 142 Metallography, =70=, 180, 324 Metalloids, 86, =89=, 128 Mills. See Rolling mills Mixer, 131, 153 Molds and Molding, 13, =189=, 218 Muck bar, 99 Mushet, Robert F., 135, 240 Nasmyth, James, 251 Nickel in steel, 237 Open-hearth steel process, =142=, 223 Ore, iron, 3, 17, 53, 144 Mesaba, 26 unloaders, 31 use of (iron oxide), in refining processes, 97, 149, 230 Phosphorus in iron and steel, 97, 139, 144, 152, 230 Pickling of steel, 285, 305 Piercing of steel billets for tubes, 302 Pig bed, 61 Pig iron, 63 castings (“direct castings”), 80 Pipes and tubes, early, 292 Pipes, butt-welded, 293 lap-welded, 296 in steel ingots, 245 Plates, making of steel, 264 Press, forging by hydraulic, 256 Puddling of iron, 97 Rails, rolling of, 138, 273 Reaumur, 115, 195 Recalescence, 311, 316 Recarburization, 135, 151 References, 350 Regenerative system of heating, 146 Risers on steel castings, 219 Rods, rolling of, 277 Rolling mills, 259, 277, 294, 304 Rolling of muck bar, 99 of rails, 138, 273 of rods, 277 Rolling of skelp for pipe, 293 of steel plates, 264, 268 Rolling vs. forging of steel, 258 Segregation in steel ingots, 246 “Semi-steel,” 78, 185 Sheets, rolling of, 273 Siemens-Martin steel process. See Open-hearth Silicon in iron-carbon alloys, =83=, 120, 133, 168, =182=, 346 Skelp for pipe, 293 Slag and cinder, 56, 58, 96, 97, 151 Spiegeleisen addition in Bessemer process, 135