How does he know that whisky is dangerous? He has learnt it--from his environment. "But he _could_ have taken another glass if he wished." But he could not wish to take another, because there was something he wished more strongly--to be safe. And why did he want to be safe? Because he had learnt--from his environment--that it was unhealthy, unprofitable, and shameful to get drunk. Because he had learnt--from his environment--that it is easier to avoid forming a bad habit than to break a bad habit when formed. Because he valued the good opinion of his neighbours, and also his position and prospects. These feelings and this knowledge ruled his will, and caused him to refuse the second glass. But there was no sense of danger, no well-learned lesson of risk to check his will to smoke another cigarette. Heredity and environment did not warn him against that. So, to please his friend, and himself, he accepted. Now suppose Smith asks Williams to have another glass. Williams takes it, takes several, finally goes home--as he often goes home. Why? Largely because drinking is a habit with him. And not only does the mind instinctively repeat an action, but, in the case of drink, a physical craving is set up, and the brain is weakened. It is easier to refuse the first glass than the second; easier to refuse the second than the third; and it is very much harder for a man to keep sober who has frequently got drunk. So, when poor Williams has to make his choice, he has habit against him, he has a physical craving against him, and he has a weakened brain to think with. "But Williams could have refused the first glass." No. Because in his case the desire to drink, or to please a friend, was stronger than his fear of the danger. Or he may not have been so conscious of the danger as Robinson was. He may not have been so well taught, or he may not have been so sensible, or he may not have been so cautious. So that his heredity and environment, his temperament and training, led him to take the drink, as surely as Robinson's heredity and environment led him to refuse it. And now, it is my turn to ask a question. If the will is "free," if conscience is a sure guide, how is it that the free will and the conscience of Robinson caused him to keep sober, while the free will and the conscience of Williams caused him to get drunk? Robinson's will was curbed by certain feelings which failed to curb the will of Williams. Because in the case of Williams the feelings were stronger on the other side. It was the nature and the training of Robinson which made him refuse the second glass, and it was the nature and the training of Williams which made him drink the second glass. WHAT HAD FREE WILL TO DO WITH IT? We are told that _every_ man has a free will, and a conscience. Now, if Williams had been Robinson, that is to say if his heredity and his environment had been exactly like Robinson's, he would have done exactly as Robinson did.